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What is diabetic ketoacidosis? Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes. This condition develops when your body doesn't have enough insulin to function correctly. Insulin deficiency leads to an increased breakdown of fats for fuel, resulting in a buildup of ketones in your blood. If too many ketones accumulate at once, they can make your blood too acidic—a state known as diabetic ketoacidosis. The signs of DKA often build up slowly over time but can become severe if untreated. Therefore, it is essential to recognise the warning signs early for timely intervention and treatment. What are the symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis? Recognising diabetic ketoacidosis symptoms early on can drastically reduce diabetic ketoacidosis complications and improve patient outcomes. Diabetic ketoacidosis symptoms can manifest suddenly or over time and might be your first indication of diabetes. The initial signs of DKA to watch out for include: Frequent urination High levels of ketones in the urine Excessive thirst Severe headaches Dehydration High blood glucose levels (above 250 mg/dL) If left untreated, you might experience more severe diabetic ketoacidosis complications like: Nausea or vomiting Weakness and fatigue Dry mouth and skin Confusion or difficulty concentrating Flushed face Breath that smells fruity It's crucial to seek emergency medical care if you notice one or more diabetic ketoacidosis symptoms, especially if your blood sugar level is excessively elevated and you have high ketone levels. How is diabetic ketoacidosis treated? Diabetic ketoacidosis treatment should be initiated promptly to prevent further complications. If you experience diabetic ketoacidosis symptoms, get in touch with a healthcare professional immediately. Hospitalisation is often required for diabetic ketoacidosis treatment, and you may receive: Intravenous insulin to control ketone production. Fluids and electrolyte replacement are needed to rehydrate your body and restore blood chemical balance. Antibiotics if an infection is present. Remember, early detection and immediate treatment can significantly improve patient outcomes in cases of diabetic ketoacidosis. What causes diabetic ketoacidosis? Understanding diabetic ketoacidosis causes can aid prevention. One of the primary diabetic ketoacidosis causes is a lack of sufficient insulin in your body. Other factors that elevate your blood sugar levels and reduce insulin efficacy include: Missed insulin doses or incorrect dosages. Illnesses or infections. Trauma or surgery. Certain medications. Uncontrolled diabetes management increases the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis. Therefore, adhering to your doctor's advice on medication and lifestyle changes is vital. Who is at risk of developing diabetic ketoacidosis? While anyone with diabetes can develop diabetic ketoacidosis, certain factors increase the risk: Individuals with type 1 diabetes. Older adults and young children with diabetes. People using insulin shots rather than an insulin pump. Individuals facing financial difficulties affording insulin. It's important to consult with your healthcare provider about your diabetic ketoacidosis treatment and steps for prevention. How is diabetic ketoacidosis diagnosed? Identifying DKA early on is crucial for effective diabetic ketoacidosis treatment and management. Medical professionals rely on various diagnostic methods to confirm the presence of DKA, such as: Physical examination: Your doctor will examine you physically and ask about your symptoms and medical history. Blood sugar tests: High blood sugar levels are a key indicator of DKA. If your reading exceeds the normal range, your doctor may suspect DKA. Ketone testing: Excessive ketones in your urine or bloodstream suggest that your body is breaking down fats for energy, leading to DKA. Blood pH testing: An acidic blood pH—below 7.3—indicates an excess of ketones, signifying DKA. Basic metabolic panel: This group of tests checks the functioning of your kidneys, liver, and pancreas by measuring various chemicals in your blood, such as electrolytes and potassium. Testing for ketones One important aspect of diagnosing diabetic ketoacidosis is testing for ketones, substances produced when the body breaks down fat for energy. This can be done through a urine ketone test or a glucometer (blood ketone test). If your blood sugar levels exceed 240 mg/dL, it's recommended to check for ketones every 4–6 hours. Ketone test kits are available over-the-counter for self-monitoring at home. Blood glucose metres with built-in ketone testing options are also available for more accurate results. How to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis? Preventing diabetic ketoacidosis primarily involves managing diabetes effectively and promptly addressing any noticeable diabetic ketoacidosis symptoms. These measures include: Staying Hydrated: Regular intake of water or sugar-free beverages can help prevent DKA. Following Medication Guidelines: Take your prescribed insulin doses regularly without skipping any doses. Check the expiration date on insulin vials and avoid using expired insulin. Dietary Management: Adhere to a healthy meal plan designed by your healthcare provider or dietitian. Regular Exercise: Maintaining an active lifestyle aids in better diabetes management, which reduces the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis. Regular Monitoring: Regularly monitor your blood sugar levels and check for ketones whenever necessary. Emergency Plan: Develop an emergency plan with your healthcare provider for times when your blood sugar levels or ketone levels cross the safe limit. Conclusion Diabetic ketoacidosis is a severe, yet preventable, complication of diabetes. Being aware of diabetic ketoacidosis symptoms and causes, understanding its treatment, and knowing the risks associated with it can empower you to manage this condition effectively. Regular monitoring of your blood glucose and ketone levels, following recommended lifestyle changes, and adhering to prescribed medication schedules are crucial steps towards prevention. In situations where your blood sugar levels are persistently high, consider taking a diagnostic test. At Metropolis Labs, we offer advanced pathology testing services right at your doorstep. Our qualified technicians ensure safe sample collection while maintaining strict hygiene protocols.

Introduction What is anorexia nervosa? Anorexia nervosa, often referred to simply as anorexia, is a psychological disorder in which an individual obsesses too much on their weight and diet. People with anorexia believe they are overweight, despite having a significantly low body weight. This misinterpretation can lead to extreme dietary habits that can have serious health implications. What is the difference between anorexia and bulimia? Both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are eating disorders with certain common characteristics an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image. However, there are distinct differences: Anorexia Nervosa: Individuals limit their food intake severely due to an intense fear of weight gain. Despite being underweight, they perceive themselves as overweight. Bulimia Nervosa: Characterized by the episodes of binge eating accompanied by compensatory behaviours such as self-induced vomiting or excessive exercise. There are also two subtypes of anorexia nervosa. One subtype of anorexia nervosa is the restrictor type, where individuals drastically limit their food intake. The other subtype of anorexia nervosa is the bulimic type, where the individuals engage in binge eating followed by purging behaviours. Who does anorexia affect? Anorexia nervosa primarily affects women more than men and typically begins during adolescence. Interestingly, the number of young women between ages 15-19 suffering from anorexia has increased every decade since 1930. Anorexia nervosa can affect anyone, regardless of age, gender, or socio-economic status. What are the signs and symptoms of anorexia? Anorexia nervosa symptoms manifest through a mix of emotional, behavioural, and physical indicators or triggers. Emotional and mental signs of anorexia Distorted body image Fear of gaining weight Anxiety around meals Behavioural signs of anorexia Excessive exercise Obsession with food preparation Unusual eating behaviours Physical signs and symptoms of anorexia Significant weight loss Lethargy or fatigue Dry or yellowish skin Thinning hair Brittle nails Insomnia Dizziness or fainting Absence of menstruation in women What causes anorexia? The anorexia nervosa causes can further be divided into psychological, physical, and cultural/environmental factors. Psychological anorexia nervosa causes Low self-esteem, perfectionism, and impulsive behaviour can trigger anorexia nervosa. Physical anorexia nervosa causes Certain genetic factors and imbalances in brain chemicals may predispose individuals to anorexia nervosa. Cultural/environmental anorexia nervosa causes Societal pressure for thinness and media influence can contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa. How is anorexia diagnosed? Healthcare providers diagnose anorexia based on medical history, physical examinations, and psychological evaluations. Diagnostic tests for anorexia can include blood tests to check for signs of malnutrition or complications, bone density tests to look for osteoporosis resulting from prolonged malnutrition, and ECGs to monitor heart health. What tests are used to diagnose or assess anorexia? To confirm an anorexia nervosa diagnosis, several tests may be necessary, such as: Complete blood count (CBC) Electrolytes test Liver function test Thyroid function test These tests can help assess an individual's overall health and evaluate complications due to anorexia nervosa. How is anorexia treated? Managing anorexia requires a multidimensional approach, which includes psychotherapy, medication, nutrition counselling, and support from loved ones. Let's delve deeper into these dimensions: Psychotherapy It is a cornerstone of anorexia nervosa treatment. Which allows people to understand their thoughts and behaviours, equipping them with survival strategies and healthier habits. Medication Some medicines can help people in managing their co-existing mental health conditions such as anxiety or depression. Nutrition counselling As a crucial part of recovery, nutritional counselling involves learning a balanced diet and healthy eating habits to achieve a healthy weight. Group or family therapy Support from peers or family members who are going through similar experiences can be extremely therapeutic. The specifics of anorexia nervosa treatment modalities depend on factors such as age, overall health, medical history, and severity of anorexia nervosa symptoms. What are the risk factors for developing anorexia? While anorexia nervosa causes aren't fully understood, certain risk factors have been identified. These include: Family History: Individuals with a family history of weight problems or mental health disorders may be more susceptible. Social Attitudes and Family Influences: Social pressure to conform to accepted beauty standards or family attitudes towards food and body image can play an important role. Participation in Certain Activities: Activities that emphasize body shape and size, such as ballet, bodybuilding, modeling, etc., may increase the risk. Remember that these risk factors don't guarantee the development of anorexia nervosa but merely increase susceptibility. What is the outlook for people with anorexia? The prognosis for people suffering from anorexia varies widely depending on several factors, such as the duration of the disease, the degree of weight loss, and the patient's commitment to recovery. Early diagnosis and comprehensive treatment can significantly improve prognosis and quality of life. Moreover, it is crucial not to lose hope. Countless people have successfully recovered from anorexia nervosa and are living fulfilling lives today. What are the complications of anorexia? Without an early intervention, anorexia can lead to serious complications that affect multiple body systems. These include: Cardiovascular problems such as arrhythmia and heart failure Gastrointestinal problems such as constipation and bloating Hormonal imbalances result in menstrual irregularities in women and low testosterone in men Psychological problems such as depression, anxiety and social withdrawal In some cases, anorexia can even be fatal, emphasizing on the need for a prompt recognition and treatment. Conclusion Anorexia nervosa is a complex condition, but with timely diagnosis and comprehensive treatment, it can be effectively managed. It is crucial to consult a healthcare professional for accurate diagnosis and personalized anorexia nervosa treatment. Always remember, understanding is the first step to overcoming. Maintain an open communication with the healthcare providers and remember that seeking help is not a sign of weakness but of strength. Metropolis Labs is a renowned provider of diagnostics services and also offer home sample collection. Book your test today with us.

Introduction What Is Breast Pain? Breast pain is the discomfort and pain that you feel in your breast. This may be a mild, persistent pain or a sharp pain, depending on the cause of the breast pain. Most women may experience breast pain or mastalgia as a regular part of their menstrual cycle. Which usually happens about a week before your period. This is known as cyclical breast pain and can be easily controlled with some lifestyle changes and medications. Although occasional breast pain is normal, if the pain is persistent, you may need to visit your healthcare professional. Is Breast Pain Common? Breast pain or mastalgia is a fairly common condition and can occur in women between the ages of 30 and 50. Nearly 70% of women in that age group may experience it at least once in their lives. You may also feel a sharp pain in your chest, which may come from deep in your chest. This is usually called chest wall pain. Is Breast Pain A Sign Of Breast Cancer? People diagnosed with breast cancer are more likely to develop lumps in their breasts that can be painful. However, just breast pain where you can't feel any lumps in your breast is not a symptom of breast cancer. Tenderness, aching, fullness, or throbbing, and breast pain may be alarming. It is rarely a sign of breast cancer. There are several other possible causes of breast pain besides cancer. However, always make sure your breast screenings are up to date and get regular check-ups to monitor your breast health. Why Do You Feel Breast Pain During Pregnancy? When you get pregnant, your body composition changes, producing more hormones than usual. Your estrogen levels are incredibly high, which directly affects your breasts, making them feel tender and causing breast pain in pregnancy as you go through the different stages. What Are The Different Types Of Breast Pain? There are two main breast pain types , namely: Cyclic Breast Pain This type of pain is usually felt when the time of menstruation is approaching. This pain coincides with the menstrual cycle and is common in women aged between 20 and 50, especially younger women. You can feel this pain in one or both breasts, and this usually occurs from the hormonal changes you feel during the menstrual cycle. This pain can disappear by itself, as soon as you start your period and you can come back a week before your next cycle. Non Cyclic Breast Pain In this case, the pain may have nothing to do with your menstrual cycle. This type of pain is more common in women between the ages of 40 and 50. What Causes Breast Pain? One of the most common causes of breast pain causes is your natural menstrual cycle. However, other breast pain causes include: Taking birth control pills Pregnancy Infections Infertility medication Prior radiation therapy Hormone therapy Inflammation Antidepressants Cysts in breasts Non-cancerous lumps/ fibroadenomas   Costochondritis (Inflammation of the area where the bones and the cartilage meet at your rib cage) Surgical scars Having large breasts In some cases, breast pain caused by certain activities, such as: Excessive consumption of caffeine Smoking Breastfeeding Stress In most cases, you may not know your breast pain cause , but it can be managed with the proper steps. What Are The Symptoms Of Breast Pain? Breast pain symptoms differ depending on whether you are experiencing cyclic or non-cyclic breast pain . Your breasts may feel.: Tender Heavy Swollen Sore The severity of the pain and breast pain symptoms can be different for everyone, even with the exact causes. In some cases, the breast pain can also spread from the armpit to the shoulders. Non-cyclic breast pain symptoms are different from the symptoms caused by cyclic breast pain you may feel: A burning sensation of stabbing in one area A sharp, acute pain Pain that is limited to one specific area of your breasts. You may experience these non-cyclic breast pain symptoms on and off over some time. These can also go away after a short pain or remain longer. How Is Breast Pain Diagnosed? Before your doctor performs a breast examination, you will be asked what your symptoms are and how long you have had them. They will also enquire about the severity and frequency of this breast pain . Based on this, a breast exam will be performed to check for the presence of lumps. You may also need to lean forward during this examination so that the healthcare professional can assess if the pain is coming from your breast or chest. In some cases, a mammogram or ultrasound may be required. Whether you need these imaging tests depends on many factors, including: The specific type of pain The results of your breast exam The time between your last breast imaging test Your age How Is Breast Pain Treated? Cyclic breast pain does not need any breast pain treatment , and you can take over-the-counter pain medication or be prescribed more robust pain meds for severe cases. You can also use these simple precautions and home breast pain treatments to help manage the pain: Wear a supportive and well-fitted bra. Take Vitamin E supplements and other multivitamins Avoid consuming tobacco products Remove caffeine from your diet Use a heating pad to get relief in the area that is hurting Take magnesium supplements, especially around two weeks before your period date Use relaxation and complementary therapy Can You Prevent Breast Pain? Cyclical breast pain is part of the menstrual cycle and cannot be avoided, but you can make the following lifestyle changes to help reduce breast pain symptoms and prevent non-cyclical chest pain: Eating low-fat food Wearing supporting sports bras that fit you well, especially when you are exercising Drastically reducing your caffeine intake or removing it from your diet How Long Does Breast Pain Last? If you have cyclical breast pain, it may occur about a week before your period and disappear as soon as your period starts, but if the breast pain persists and gets worse. In that case, you may need to opt for breast pain treatment, during which your doctor will try to manage the pain with easy-to-get pain medication and simple changes in your lifestyle. When To See A Doctor About Breast Pain? If the pain lasts more than three weeks or the left breast pain is severe, you may need to visit a doctor to determine the cause of the chest pain. Conclusion Although breast pain can cause a lot of discomfort, it is usually not a sign of a serious condition. You can even manage most breast pain symptoms at home with just a few lifestyle changes and over-the-counter medications. However, if you notice changes in the structure of your breasts or discharge from your nipples, consult your doctor and get some diagnostic tests done. Metropolis Labs provides convenient at-home sample collection and best-in-class laboratory facilities to ensure you stay informed about your health. Contact us today for your appointment.

What Is Scurvy? A significant lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in your diet can cause a Vitamin C deficiency which in medical terms is known as scurvy. This mainly occurs due to a diet low in Vitamin C. However, it is not very common as most people get the needed amount of this nutrient from their diet. Scurvy is more prominent in regions where malnutrition is a prevailing issue. Who Does Scurvy Affect? Scurvy can affect older adults, children, and babies without enough vitamin C in their diet. Individuals who are at risk of developing Vitamin C deficiency include those Who do not have access to fresh fruits and vegetables Who eat very little due to medical treatments like chemotherapy or eating disorders like anorexia Who smoke regularly as it reduces the amount of vitamin C that the body absorbs from your food. Who has a dependency on drugs or alcohol that can affect their diet. Who consume a poor diet during pregnancy or lactation. Who have food allergies and thus consume a restrictive diet. Who have health conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease or type 1 diabetes What Are The Symptoms Of Scurvy? Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for your body and plays different roles. This is why a deficiency in this nutrient may cause widespread scurvy symptoms  that start small and you may notice small changes in your mood and body after around 4 weeks of continual Vitamin C deficiency  , but they can begin to get more serious after 3 or more months of the deficiency. Here are the scurvy symptoms that you need to look out for     Initial warning signs Sudden unexplained exhaustion Weakness Irritability Aching legs Reduced appetite Scurvy symptoms after 1 to 3 months If you continue the same diet with insufficient vitamin C for 1 to 3 months, you may show the following symptoms   Anaemia is when your blood lacks haemoglobin or red blood cells. Gingivitis which causes your gums to become soft and tender and appear red. Your gums may even start to bleed easier. Your hair follicles may have raised bumps that look like bruises. It often appears around your shins and the central hair may look like a corkscrew and break easily Appearance of large reddish-blue or black bruising on the feet and legs. Tooth decay or loosening of the teeth, in some cases the teeth also fall out shortness of breath Tender, swollen joints Dryness in the eyes, irritation, and haemorrhaging in the whites of the eyes or optic nerve Reduced immune health and wound healing, even opening of previously healed wounds Light sensitivity Blurred vision Gastrointestinal bleeding Headaches Mood swings including irritability and depression Hemorrhaging in the skin or bleeding under the skin Development of a scurvy rash which is tiny red or blue spots on the skin Rough scaly skin Chest pain Swollen legs Scurvy symptoms in babies include Anaemia Failure to gain weight Loss of appetite Pain when they move Irritability What Causes Scurvy? A vitamin C deficiency for three months or more is one of the major scurvy causes  . This may be due to an unhealthy diet that lacks fresh fruits and vegetables. Cooking food with high levels of vitamin C can also destroy the nutritional value of the food.    In some cases, your body may need more vitamin C which puts you at risk of deficiency. These conditions include Pregnancy Breastfeeding Diseases that can cause high fever Chronic diarrhoea Burns Usage of tobacco Recent surgery Overactive thyroid gland Receiving chemotherapy and radiation therapy or receiving dialysis and having kidney failure are also considered to be scurvy causes. How Is Scurvy Diagnosed? Your doctor may be able to provide you with a scurvy diagnosis based on the symptoms you are experiencing. They will also perform a physical examination to evaluate you based on certain risk factors. What Tests Will Be Done To Diagnose Scurvy? A blood test may be ordered to measure the levels of vitamin C in your blood. You may also need to undergo a test known as dermoscopy, in which a small sample of your affected skin or hair is taken and examined under a microscope to find corkscrew hairs or scurvy rash.   How Is Scurvy Treated? You have to undergo scurvy treatment to avoid any further complications that can arise due to prolonged vitamin C deficiency. Consuming more vitamin C is one of the easiest scurvy treatments. Always try and maintain a nutritious diet that has at least double the amount of vitamin C needed daily. Adding fresh fruits and vegetables with every meal also helps improve scurvy symptoms. Your doctor may prescribe scurvy medication that includes taking a vitamin C supplement till you feel better. Children may be prescribed a supplement of up to 300 mg daily while adults may need 500 to 1000 mg supplements.  How Soon After Treatment Will I Feel Better? Most individuals undergoing scurvy treatment report feeling better about 48 hours after the start of the treatment. You should be able to completely recover from the scurvy disease within two weeks, although some scurvy symptoms may take a little more time to start clearing up. Depending on your scurvy cause you may need to undergo further treatment or be referred to a specialist for a second opinion. How Can I Prevent Scurvy? Getting the recommended daily amount of vitamin C in your diet can help scurvy prevention. Some of the best sources of natural vitamin C are fresh fruits and vegetables such as Citrus fruits Tomatoes Broccoli Potatoes Sweet peppers Strawberries If you think you are not able to incorporate the required amount of vitamin C in your diet you can talk to your doctor about incorporating a vitamin C supplement in your routine. How Much Vitamin C Do I Need? The amount of vitamin C you need daily depends on different factors such as your age. The daily vitamin C requirements for different ages are as follows Birth to 6 months: 40 mg Infants between 7 to 12 months: 50 mg Toddlers between 1 to 3 years: 15 mg Children ages 4 to 8 years: 25 mg Children ages 9 to 13 years: 45 mg Teenagers (male): 75 mg Teenagers (female): 65 mg Male adults, 19 years and up: 90 mg Female adults, 19 years and up: 75mg Pregnant teenagers: 80 mg Pregnant adults: 85 mg Breastfeeding teenagers: 115 mg Breastfeeding adults: 120 mg Those who smoke need to take at least 35 mg over the amount mentioned for their age and gender in the above list. What Can I Expect If I have Scurvy? Scurvy is a vitamin C deficiency which can be easily treated with immediate treatment. You can start feeling better within 24 to 48 hours of the start of treatment but some symptoms may take a little longer to clear out. Dental issues or corkscrew hairs can take between weeks and months to get better. Some cases of gum disease can be permanently damaged. Conclusion Scurvy is a disease that happens due to an extreme deficiency of vitamin C. Although consuming less vitamin C can cause this condition it usually doesn't become scurvy unless the condition goes untreated for over a month. To avoid this condition you need to incorporate a lot of fresh fruits and vegetables in your diet. Citrus foods like oranges and grapefruit are some of the best sources of vitamin C. Keeping track of your nutritional values with regular blood tests also helps you stay on top of your health. Metropolis Labs provides a premium at-home sample collection for blood tests so you can stay in your best health from the comfort of your home.

परिचय मानसून गर्मी से ज़रूरी राहत देता है, लेकिन यह अपने साथ स्वास्थ्य सम्बंधित कई चुनौतियाँ भी लेकर आता है। वातावरण में नमी और स्थिर पानी कई तरह के रोगाणुओं के लिए प्रजनन स्थल बन जाते हैं, जिससे मानसून में बीमारियाँ बढ़ जाती हैं। इस समय अच्छा स्वास्थ्य बनाए रखने के लिए, इन बरसाती बीमारियों को समझना और इनसे बचाव के तरीके जानना ज़रूरी है। मानसून में होने वाली बीमारियों की सूची डेंगू डेंगू एक वायरल बीमारी है जो एडीज मच्छर द्वारा फैलती है, जो स्थिर पानी में पनपती है। डेंगू के लक्षणों में तेज बुखार, तेज सिरदर्द, आँखों के पीछे दर्द, जोड़ों और मांसपेशियों में दर्द, रैश और ब्लीडिंग शामिल हैं। चिकनगुनिया चिकनगुनिया मच्छरों द्वारा फैलने वाली एक और वायरल बीमारी है, जिसमें तेज बुखार, जोड़ों में तेज दर्द, मांसपेशियों में दर्द, सिरदर्द, थकान और रैश होते हैं। जोड़ों का दर्द कमज़ोर कर देने वाला हो सकता है और हफ़्तों तक रह सकता है। मलेरिया मलेरिया प्लास्मोडियम पैरासाइट के कारण होता है, जो संक्रमित एनोफिलीज मच्छर के काटने से फैलता है। लक्षणों में तेज़ बुखार, ठंड लगना, पसीना आना, सिरदर्द, मतली और उल्टी शामिल हैं। टाइफाइड टाइफाइड एक बैक्टीरियल इन्फेक्शन है जो दूषित भोजन और पानी से फैलता है। यह लंबे समय तक बुखार, कमज़ोरी, पेट में दर्द, सिरदर्द और भूख न लगना जैसी समस्याओं से जुड़ा है। गंभीर मामलों में, आंतों से खून बह सकता है। वायरल फीवर वायरल फीवर विभिन्न वायरस के कारण होने वाले इन्फेक्शन को कहते हैं। लक्षणों में तेज़ बुखार, शरीर में दर्द, मांसपेशियों में दर्द, सिरदर्द, थकान और कभी-कभी रैश हो सकते हैं। ये संक्रमण आमतौर पर खुद ही ठीक हो जाते हैं लेकिन अनकम्फर्टेबल हो सकते हैं। इन्फ्लूएंजा इन्फ्लूएंजा या फ्लू इन्फ्लूएंजा वायरस के कारण होने वाला एक कॉन्टेजियस सांस की बीमारी है। लक्षणों में बुखार, ठंड लगना, खांसी, गले में खराश, बहती या भरी हुई नाक, शरीर में दर्द, सिरदर्द, थकान, कभी-कभी उल्टी और दस्त शामिल हैं। हैजा (कॉलरा) हैजा (कॉलरा) बैक्टीरिया विब्रियो कोलेरा के कारण होने वाला एक दस्त इन्फेक्शन है। यह दूषित पानी और भोजन से फैलता है और गंभीर डिहाइड्रेशन का कारण बनता है, जो तुरंत इलाज न किए जाने पर घातक हो सकता है। पीलिया पीलिया एक ऐसी स्थिति है जिसमें ब्लड में बिलीरुबिन के हाई लेवल के कारण त्वचा और आंखों में पीलापन होता है। यह विभिन्न कारकों के कारण हो सकता है, जिसमें हेपेटाइटिस जैसे लिवर इन्फेक्शन शामिल हैं। हेपेटाइटिस A और E हेपेटाइटिस A और E दूषित भोजन और पानी से फैलने वाले वायरल लिवर इन्फेक्शन हैं। लक्षणों में पीलिया, थकान, पेट में दर्द, भूख न लगना और मतली शामिल हैं। हेपेटाइटिस E गर्भवती महिलाओं के लिए विशेष रूप से खतरनाक है। सर्दी और फ्लू तापमान और ह्यूमिडिटी में उतार-चढ़ाव के कारण मानसून के दौरान सर्दी और फ्लू आम है। इसके लक्षणों में बहती या भरी हुई नाक, गले में खराश, खांसी, शरीर में दर्द, सिरदर्द और बुखार शामिल हैं। लेप्टोस्पायरोसिस लेप्टोस्पायरोसिस एक बैक्टीरियल इन्फेक्शन है जो इन्फेक्टेड जानवरों के यूरिन द्वारा दूषित पानी के संपर्क में आने से फैलता है। इससे तेज़ बुखार, सिरदर्द, ठंड लगना, मांसपेशियों में दर्द, उल्टी, पीलिया और लाल आँखें हो सकती हैं। पेट फ्लू पेट फ्लू या वायरल गैस्ट्रोएंटेराइटिस, आंतों का इन्फेक्शन है, जिसमें पानी जैसे दस्त, पेट में दर्द, मतली और उल्टी और कभी-कभी बुखार होता है। यह दूषित भोजन या पानी से फैलता है। मानसून में होने वाली विभिन्न बीमारियों से खुद को बचाने के लिए रोकथाम की टिप्स स्थिर पानी, बढ़ी हुई नमी और कीड़ों की अधिकता के कारण मानसून में होने वाली विभिन्न बीमारियां बढ़ जाती हैं। इन बरसाती बीमारियों से खुद को बचाने के लिए यहाँ कुछ प्रभावी रोकथाम के सुझाव दिए गए हैं। व्यक्तिगत स्वच्छता बनाए रखें मानसून के दौरान बीमारियों से बचने के लिए व्यक्तिगत स्वच्छता बनाए रखना महत्वपूर्ण है। अपने हाथों को साबुन और पानी से धोएँ, खासकर बारिश के पानी के संपर्क में आने के बाद। अपने नाखूनों को छोटा रखें और गंदे हाथों से अपने चेहरे को छूने से बचें। स्वच्छ पानी पिएं बारिश के मौसम में हैजा, टाइफाइड और गैस्ट्रोएंटेराइटिस जैसी वाटर बॉर्न बीमारियाँ आम हैं। सुनिश्चित करें कि आप केवल शुद्ध या उबला हुआ पानी पिएं। अगर आप नल के पानी पर निर्भर हैं, तो वाटर प्यूरीफायर का उपयोग मानसून की बीमारियों की रोकथाम में मदद कर सकता है। ताज और घर का बना खाना खाएं दस्त और फूड पॉइजनिंग जैसी खाद्य जनित बीमारियों से बचने के लिए, ताजा और अच्छी तरह से पका हुआ खाना खाएं। स्ट्रीट फूड से बचें और खाने से पहले फलों और सब्जियों को अच्छी तरह धोएं। मॉस्किटो रिपेलेंट का इस्तेमाल करें डेंगू, मलेरिया और चिकनगुनिया जैसी बीमारियाँ मच्छरों से फैलती हैं, जो स्थिर पानी में पनपते हैं। मच्छरों के काटने को कम करने के लिए मॉस्किटो रिपेलेंट, नेट्स का इस्तेमाल करें और लंबी स्लीव वाले कपड़े पहनें। पानी इकट्ठा करने वाले बर्तन जैसे कि फूलदान और बाल्टी को साफ रखें, ताकि मच्छरों के पनपने की जगह कम हो। अपने आस-पास की जगह को साफ रखें मानसून में होने वाली बीमारियों की रोकथाम के लिए साफ-सुथरा वातावरण होना ज़रूरी है। सुनिश्चित करें कि आपके आस-पास के इलाके में स्थिर पानी ना हो, जो मच्छरों के पनपने का स्थान हो सकता है। कचरे का सही तरीके से निपटान करें और सुनिश्चित करें कि पानी जमा होने से रोकने के लिए नालियाँ और गटर बंद न हों। बारिश से खुद को बचाएं बारिश में भीगने से इन्फेक्शन और बीमारियाँ हो सकती हैं। खुद को बचाने के लिए छाता लेकर जाएं  या रेनकोट पहनें। फंगल इन्फेक्शन से बचने के लिए गीले कपड़े तुरंत बदलें और खुद को अच्छी तरह से सुखाएं। अपनी इम्युनिटी बढ़ाए बारिश के मौसम में होने वाली बीमारियों से लड़ने के लिए एक इम्यून सिस्टम बहुत ज़रूरी है। अपनी डाइट में इम्युनिटी बढ़ाने वाले खाद्य पदार्थ शामिल करें, जैसे कि विटामिन C से भरपूर फल, सब्जियाँ और दही जैसे प्रोबायोटिक्स। हाइड्रेटेड रहना और पर्याप्त मात्रा में नींद लेना भी हेल्थी इम्यून सिस्टम में योगदान दे सकता है। वैक्सीनेशन और मेडिकल एडवाइस अपने डॉक्टर से उन वैक्सीनेशन के बारे में सलाह लें जो आपको मानसून रोगों से बचा सकते हैं। मेडिकल एडवाइस फॉलो करें, खासकर अगर आपको कोई बीमारी है जो आपको बरसात के मौसम में इन्फेक्शन होने की संभावना है। जागरूकता और सक्रिय उपाय मानसून की बीमारियों को दूर रखने में मदद करते हैं। निष्कर्ष मानसून के दौरान बरसात के मौसम में होने वाली बीमारियाँ और उनकी रोकथाम ज़रूरी है। साफ-सफाई और व्यावहारिक स्वच्छता बनाए रखने से इन मानसूनी बीमारियों के जोखिम को कम करने में मदद मिल सकती है। अगर आप उपरोक्त में से कोई भी लक्षण महसूस करते हैं, तो अपने डॉक्टर से सलाह करें। सटीक डाइग्नोसिस और प्रभावी उपचार के लिए, मेट्रोपोलिस लैब्स जैसी विश्वसनीय डायग्नोस्टिक लैब में जांच करवाएं। वे कई तरह के टेस्ट के लिए घर पर ही सैंपल कलेक्शन की सुविधा देते हैं, जिससे इन मानसूनी बीमारियों का पता लगाने में मदद मिलती है। उनकी अनुभवी टीम और उन्नत लैब यह सुनिश्चित करते हैं कि आपको सही रिज़ल्ट मिलें, जिससे आप अपने स्वास्थ्य के लिए समय पर एक्शन ले सकें। याद रखें, रोकथाम हमेशा इलाज से बेहतर होता है, इसलिए आइए इस मानसून में सुरक्षित रहें!

Introduction Are you experiencing a discomfort or pain during sexual intercourse? You're not alone. Dyspareunia, or painful intercourse, can significantly impact your quality of life and intimate relationships. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatments is essential to relieving symptoms and improving your sexual health. In this guide, we'll take a closer look at the various factors that contribute to dyspareunia and explore effective strategies to deal with this common problem. Keep reading to know more! What Is Dyspareunia? Dyspareunia is a medical term used to describe persistent or recurrent pain experienced during sexual intercourse. If you're affected by dyspareunia, you may feel a range of sensations, from mild discomfort to intense pain, in the genital area or pelvic region. This condition can occur in both men and women and can have various causes. Who is most likely to have dyspareunia? Painful intercourse is more prevalent among women, although it can also impact men. This discomfort is often caused by physical problems or medical reasons. Psychological factors can also play a role. How common is dyspareunia? Dyspareunia is more common than you might think. It's estimated that up to 20% of people experience painful intercourse at some point in their lives. What are the different types of dyspareunia? There are two main types of dyspareunia: superficial dyspareunia and deep dyspareunia. Superficial dyspareunia refers to pain that occurs at the entrance of the vagina or in the genital area during penetration. On the other hand, deep dyspareunia involves pain that occurs deeper within the pelvis during intercourse. What causes dyspareunia? Dyspareunia causes can be categorized into both physical and psychological. Here's a breakdown of potential dyspareunia causes: Vaginal Dryness: Insufficient lubrication can lead to friction and discomfort during an intercourse. This is one of the main causes of painful sex in women. Infections: Conditions like yeast infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs), or sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can cause inflammation and pain. Skin Conditions: Eczema, psoriasis, or dermatitis that affecting the genital area can result in female painful intercourse. Structural Issues: Conditions such as endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), fibroids, or ovarian cysts can cause a deep pelvic pain during an intercourse. Hormonal Changes: Menopause, childbirth, or breastfeeding can lead to hormonal imbalances that affect vaginal lubrication and tissue elasticity. Stress and Anxiety: Mental health problems or emotional stress can cause muscle tension and discomfort during intercourse. Past Trauma: Past sexual abuse or traumatic experiences can cause emotional distress or pain during sex. Relationship Issues: Conflict, communication problems, or lack of intimacy in relationships can affect sexual satisfaction and cause dyspareunia. What are the symptoms of dyspareunia? Recognizing dyspareunia symptoms is essential for seeking appropriate care. Here's a breakdown of common dyspareunia symptoms: You may feel a sharp, burning, or aching pain in your genital area or deep in your pelvis during penetration or thrusting. Sensitivity or soreness in the genital area before, during, or after an intercourse. In some cases it is possible to notice bleeding or light bleeding after sexual activity due to the irritation or tissue injuries. Tightening or involuntary contractions of the pelvic floor muscles during intercourse can cause discomfort or pain. Anxiety, fear, or avoidance of sexual activity due to an anticipated pain may also be the symptoms of dyspareunia. How is dyspareunia diagnosed? Dyspareunia is diagnosed through a medical history review, physical examination, and blood tests to identify underlying causes. What Tests Are Done To Diagnose Dyspareunia? To diagnose dyspareunia, your doctor may conduct several tests to identify underlying causes: Pelvic Examination: A physical examination of the pelvic area can help detect any abnormalities or signs of infection. Vaginal pH Test: This test measures the vaginal acidity levels. Which can indicate infectious diseases such as bacterial vaginal disease or yeast infection. STI Testing: Screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may be necessary if symptoms suggests infection as a cause of dyspareunia. Pelvic Ultrasound: Imaging tests such as ultrasound can help visualize the reproductive organs and detect any structural abnormalities or conditions, such as fibroids or ovarian cysts. Hormone Tests: Blood tests for measuring hormone levels can be performed to assess the hormonal imbalances that contribute to a painful intercourse, especially in people going through a menopause or post childbirth (postpartum). How Is Dyspareunia Treated? Here are various dyspareunia treatment options that you and your healthcare provider may consider: Pain-relieving medications, hormone therapy, or antidepressants may be prescribed to manage pain or address hormonal imbalances contributing to dyspareunia. Psychological counselling or sex therapy can help you address emotional factors like stress, anxiety, or past trauma that may be contributing to painful intercourse. Physiotherapy sessions to improve the strength of pelvic muscles In case of serious structural problems, such as endometriosis or pelvic organs prolapse, surgical procedures may be needed to correct the underlying problems and relieve pain. How Can You Treat Dyspareunia Naturally? Here are some natural dyspareunia treatment strategies: Pelvic floor exercises Use water-based lubricants to reduce friction and discomfort during sex, especially if vaginal dryness is a concern. Practice deep breathing, meditation, or yoga to reduce muscle tension and anxiety, promoting a more comfortable sexual experience. What Are The Medications To Take For Dyspareunia? Over-the-counter pain medications like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help in reducing the discomfort associated with dyspareunia. Oestrogen creams may also be prescribed to address hormonal imbalances which contribute to vaginal dryness or thinning tissues. However, always consult with your healthcare provider before starting or stopping any medications for dyspareunia therapy. How Do I Manage Symptoms Of Dyspareunia? To manage symptoms of dyspareunia, consider these approaches: Openly discuss your concerns with your partner and healthcare provider. Apply lubricants that reduce friction during intercourse. Experiment with positions that minimize discomfort. Consider counselling or a therapy to address any emotional factors contributing to your symptoms. Make sure to take some time to relax and reduce stress before engaging in a sexual activity. How Long Does It Take To Recover From Dyspareunia? Recovery from dyspareunia depends on the underlying cause and effectiveness of the treatment. You may experience improvement with self-care measures in a few weeks, while others may require longer-term management up to 12 months. When To See A Doctor? See a doctor if you experience any of these: Pain during sex that recurs or gets worse Tightness or involuntary clenching of your vaginal muscles Bleeding Sores or bumps on your genitals Irregular periods Unusual vaginal discharge Conclusion In conclusion, dyspareunia can have a significant impact on your quality of life, but there are effective treatment options available. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment strategies discussed, you can take proactive steps to improve your sexual health. If you believe you are experiencing symptoms of dyspareunia, head over to Metropolis Healthcare and book a blood test to check for any hormonal imbalances that might be causing it. Metropolis Healthcare is at the forefront of diagnostic services across the country, providing state-of-the-art lab facilities, a team of expert phlebotomists and at-home testing services. Book your test today!

Introduction Hirschsprung's disease is a rare congenital (by birth) disorder that affects the large intestine since birth, and can have a significant impact on the lives of those affected. If you or a loved one are suffering from this disease, it is important to understand its symptoms and the treatment options available to you. If you would like to learn more, keep reading. What Is Hirschsprung's Disease? Hirschsprung's disease  is a condition in which nerve cells are absent in the intestinal wall or large intestine. This absence disrupted bowel movements and causes constipation or blockage from birth. How Common Is Hirschsprung's Disease? Hirschsprung's disease is quite rare. It affects approximately 1 in 5,000 newborns. This disease boys are affected more as compared to girls. What Are The Types Of Hirschsprung's Disease? There are 3 main types of Hirschsprung disease: Short-Segment Hirschsprungs Disease: Involves a relatively small portion of the large intestine. Usually affects the lower part of the colon and rectum. Long-Segment Hirschsprungs Disease: Affects a larger portion or even the entire length of the colon. The absence of nerve cells extends further along the intestine. Total Colonic Aganglionosis: One of the most severe types of Hirschsprung disease Nerve cells are absent throughout the entire colon. What Causes Hirschsprung's Disease? Here's a breakdown of the cause of Hirschsprung disease: You may inherit specific genetic mutations that affect the development of the intestinal neurons. These mutations disrupts the ability of nerve cells to migrate properly during fetal development. During fetal development, nerve cells fail to form a part of the section of the large intestine due to mutation. The absence of such nerve cells, called ganglion cells, is a direct cause of Hirschsprung disease, which prevents the affected part of the intestine from relaxing and functioning normally. Certain genetic syndromes, such as Down syndrome, may increase the risk of developing Hirschsprung's disease. Having a family history of Hirschsprung's disease also increases the likelihood of the disease. In some cases, there can be clear genetic or familial association and Hirschsprung's disease may occur spontaneously during fetal development. What Are The Symptoms Of Hirschsprung Disease? Common Hirschsprung's disease symptoms include: Chronic constipation is one of the Hirschsprung's disease symptoms and usually appears immediately after birth. Your baby may face difficulty a difficulty in passing stool, resulting in infrequent bowel movements or difficulties or hard and difficult stools. Your baby's abdomen may appear swollen or bloating due to the accumulation of stool in the intestines. Meconium is a baby's first stool, which passes usually within 48 hours of birth. In Hirschsprung's disease, your baby may not be able to pass meconium during this time. Severe constipation can cause vomiting, especially if the intestines are blocked. The discomfort caused by this condition may cause your child to show signs of poor feeding. How Is Hirschsprung's Disease Diagnosed? Hirschsprung's disease diagnosis typically involves the following: Your healthcare provider will review your child's medical history, including symptoms like chronic constipation or abdominal distension. A thorough physical examination will be conducted to assess your child's abdomen and overall health. A rectal exam may be performed to check for the presence of stool in the rectum. In Hirschsprung disease, the absence of stool during this exam may indicate a potential diagnosis. Hirschsprung disease X-rays or contrast enemas may be ordered to visualize the intestines and identify any areas of blockage or abnormal narrowing. A definitive diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease is often made through a rectal biopsy. During this procedure, a small tissue sample is taken from the rectum and examined under a microscope to look for the absence of ganglion cells. Anorectal Manometry helps measures the pressure and muscle function in the rectum and anus. It helps assess the ability of the rectum to relax and evacuate stool, which can be impaired in Hirschsprungs disease. In some cases, genetic testing may be recommended, especially if there's a family history of the condition or suspicion of a genetic syndrome associated with Hirschsprung disease. How Is Hirschsprung Disease Treated? There are several Hirschsprung's disease treatment methods available based on the severity of the condition. Here’s how Hirschsprung's disease treatment is carried out: Surgery: The main treatment for Hirschsprungs disease is surgery to remove the portion of the colon lacking nerve cells. This procedure called a pull-through or resection, involves removing the affected part of the colon and connecting the healthy portion to the anus. Temporary Ostomy: In some cases, particularly if your child is very ill or premature, a temporary ostomy may be created. This involves bringing part of the healthy colon through the abdominal wall to create an opening (stoma) for stool to pass into a colostomy bag. Staged Surgery: For certain cases, particularly those with long-segment or total colonic aganglionosis, surgery may need to be done in stages. This approach allows for the gradual removal of the affected colon while minimizing complications. What Are The Complications Of Hirschsprung Disease? Here are the potential complications of Hirschsprungs disease: Enterocolitis, which is a severe inflammation of the colon. Itcan be life-threatening if left untreated. Severe abdominal pain and discomfort. Difficulty in weight gain What Is The Outlook For People Who Have Hirschsprung Disease? Post-surgery, some infants with Hirschsprungs disease may experience constipation and colon infections. However, with ongoing care, many can effectively manage bowel movements and avoid severe complications associated with Hirschsprungs disease.  When To See A Doctor? If you notice persistent constipation, abdominal swelling, or failure to pass stool in your baby, it's essential to see a doctor promptly. Early detection and intervention for symptoms like these can lead to timely diagnosis and effective management of Hirschsprungs disease. Conclusion In a nutshell , understanding Hirschsprungs disease is vital for recognizing its symptoms, seeking early diagnosis, and exploring appropriate treatment options. With advancements in medical care, individuals affected by Hirschsprungs disease can lead fulfilling lives and managing their health effectively in the long-term. To avoid disorders like this and maintain a healthy life, you need to get yourself regularly tested for early diagnosis. Which is why Metropolis Healthcare brings to you a range of full-body check-up packages so that you do not have to worry about your health. Book a test today!