PAP Smear Test by Conventional Method

Pap smear test is done for detection of cervical cancer and early cancerous changes in the cervix. It also additionally detects any infections of cervix. The test is usually done between 25 to 65 years every three or five years as per the doctor's recommendation. It may be done as a routine test along with the pelvic exam or is also done in certain high risk cases. It is often combined with HPV (Human papilloma virus ) testing which is more effective in detecting early changes of cancer since HPV infection is one of the major risk factor linked to cervical cancer. Other risk factor include:

• History of previous cervical infection or precancerous cells in previous exam.
• History of sexually transmitted infections like HIV.
• Weakened immunity such as auto-immune disorder or previous organ transplant.
• Exposure to DES (Diethylstilbestrol) prior to birth.

Pap smear test measures the amount of precancerous cells in the cervix (lower end of the vagina).

Pap smear test is usually performed at the doctor's clinic. A speculum is inserted into the vagina for a cervical examination, and using a spatula or soft brush the cervical cells are collected. 

Mostly in general population with low risk factors the test is negative. Normal or negative result rules out risk for cervical cancer. Next screening may be recommended after 3-5 years depending on your age and clinical history. In cases of infections and mild abnormal changes, strict vigilance, proper infection control and follow up after 3-5 years is required as changes tend to regress spontaneously. Major or severe abnormalities have increased risk of cancer progression and require early and timely intervention. Regular Pap smear test thus helps in early diagnosis and better prognosis.

To prepare for a Pap smear, you should avoid sexual intercourse, douching and using tampons or vaginal medicines for 2 days before the test. You should also empty your bladder before the test.

Normal results are negative, meaning no abnormal cells were found on the cervix. If abnormal cells are found, further testing will be needed to determine whether they are cancerous.

For the conventional type of PAP smear test, the cells collected with a brush or spatula are smeared on a slide and stained with PAP stain. For the liquid-based cytology type, cells collected brush are thoroughly rinsed in a preservation vial.

In general, a Pap smear by conventional method is a test that is recommended for women who have ever been sexually active and are between 21 and 65 years of age.

You may be asked to undergo a pap smear test more often if you:

• Show signs of cervical cancer
• Show signs or have early-stage cervical cancer
• Have HIV infection
• Have a family history of cervical cancer
• Have auto-immune disorders

Other tests that may be ordered along with a Pap smear by the conventional method include:

• A pelvic examination to check for any abnormalities in the reproductive organs
• An HPV test to check for the presence of the human papillomavirus, which is a common cause of cervical cancer
• A mammogram to check for any changes in the breast tissue

Other tests that may be ordered along with a Pap smear by the conventional method include:

• A pelvic examination to check for any abnormalities in the reproductive organs
• An HPV test to check for the presence of the human papillomavirus, which is a common cause of cervical cancer
• A mammogram to check for any changes in the breast tissue