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What is a sebaceous cyst? Ever discovered a strange round bump beneath your skin surface that feels like a lump? This might be what health experts call an epidermal inclusion cyst or a sebaceous cyst. An epidermal inclusion cyst is a common and harmless skin bump that forms when skin cells pile up in one area under the dermis. These cysts are filled with a thick, keratin-like substance and can appear anywhere on the body, mostly found on the face, neck, and trunk. The name "sebaceous cyst" can be misleading as these cysts do not originate from sebaceous glands. Epidermal inclusion cysts can develop due to skin injuries, blockages in hair follicles, or congenital factors. While they are generally asymptomatic, they may become inflamed or infected, leading to discomfort. Treatment is often unnecessary unless the cyst becomes painful or bothersome; in such cases, healthcare providers may recommend drainage or surgical removal. Understanding the causes of epidermal inclusion cysts is essential for proper diagnosis and management, distinguishing them from other skin lesions. How common are epidermal inclusion cysts (sebaceous cysts)? You might be surprised to learn that epidermal inclusion cysts are the most common type of skin cyst. Because of this, it's normal to see one or know someone who has one. What does an epidermal inclusion cyst (sebaceous cyst) look like? An epidermal inclusion cyst appears as a round bump or dome-shaped lump on the skin. Since, sebaceous cyst symptoms may vary from person to person. Here's what you might notice: A dark dot in the centre of the cyst Skin discolouration around the area Tenderness or warmth when touched The size ranges from as small as 0.25 inches to more than 2 inches What are epidermal inclusion cysts (sebaceous cysts) filled with? Epidermal inclusion cysts are filled with thick, cheesy, malodorous substance consisting of keratin and cell debris, not sebum. These cysts are form when the epidermal cells grow in a small space in the dermis. Is an epidermal inclusion cyst (sebaceous cyst) painful? Most epidermal inclusion cysts aren't usually painful unless they become inflamed or rupture (break open). In such cases, you may experience symptoms like skin irritation, pain or itching at the site of the cyst. It's highly recommended to see your healthcare provider if you develop pain near the cyst or experience other concerning symptoms. Where do epidermal inclusion cysts (sebaceous cysts) form? Epidermal inclusion cysts can form anywhere on your body but are most frequently found in areas like: Face Chest Back Scalp Neck Legs Arms Genitalia These areas provide optimal conditions for cyst growth due to their high concentrations of hair follicles. What causes an epidermal inclusion cyst (sebaceous cyst)? An epidermal inclusion cyst, often incorrectly called a sebaceous cyst, forms when skin cells multiply in a small pocket under the skin instead of shedding naturally. These cysts can develop due to a blocked hair follicle or skin trauma, causing cells to build up and form a sac filled with keratin, a protein that makes up the skin, hair, and nails. Sebaceous cyst causes due to damage from cuts, surgical wounds, or conditions such as acne that block hair follicles. Certain genetic conditions, like Gardner’s syndrome or basal cell nevus syndrome, can also increase the risk of getting these cysts. Although they are usually harmless, an epidermal inclusion cyst can become inflamed or infected, leading to redness, swelling, and discomfort. Maintaining a good hygiene and skincare can help minimise sebaceous cyst causes. What are the risk factors for epidermal inclusion cysts (sebaceous cysts)? Although epidermal inclusion cysts can occur in anyone, certain factors increase your likelihood of developing them. These typically include: Age: They are more common among individuals between 20-60 years Gender: More prevalent in individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB) Genetic conditions: Rare genetic conditions such as Gardner syndrome and Gorlin syndrome Medications: Certain medications like BRAF inhibitors, Imiquimod etc may increase your risk Is an epidermal inclusion cyst (sebaceous cyst) contagious? Rest assured, epidermal inclusion cysts are not contagious and cannot be spread from one person to another What are the complications of an epidermal inclusion cyst (sebaceous cyst)? Epidermal inclusion cysts are usually harmless, but they can sometimes can lead to certain complications. Such as if the cyst gets inflamed or infected, leading to swelling, pain, and skin discoloration. If a cyst ruptures, it can also swell and leak its contents. In rare cases, malignancy (cancer) has been found in these cysts, including squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. If you notice a rapid cyst growth, significant pain or any other concerning changes in your cyst, it's crucial to consult your healthcare provider immediately. Is an epidermal inclusion cyst a sign of cancer? Epidermal inclusion cysts are usually benign and rarely harmful. However, in rare cases, malignancy or cancer can form within the cyst. It's important to consult your healthcare provider if you notice any changes with your skin or the cyst. How is an epidermal inclusion cyst (sebaceous cyst) diagnosed? Diagnosing an epidermal inclusion cyst (often called a sebaceous cyst) involves physical examination by a healthcare professional. The cyst usually looks like a small, round bump under the skin, often with a central opening or "punctum." It may feel firm and movable when pressed. To confirm the diagnosis, the doctor may ask about the cyst’s history, such as when it first appeared and any changes in size or symptoms like pain or discharge. In some cases, an ultrasound or MRI may be recommended to distinguish it from other types of growths. If the cyst appears unusual or shows signs of infection, the doctor may perform a biopsy to rule out other conditions. Proper diagnosis ensures the appropriate treatment plan. Should we see a specialist for an epidermal inclusion cyst? An epidermal inclusion cyst isn't usually painful unless it gets inflamed or ruptures. However, If you notice changes like rapid growth or signs of infection such as redness, swelling, or leaking fluid, it’s best to see a healthcare provider. They may refer you to a dermatologist if needed. How is an epidermal inclusion cyst (sebaceous cyst) treated? Epidermal inclusion cyst or sebaceous cyst treatment typically depends on its size and symptoms. Small, painless cysts may not require treatment and can be monitored. If the cyst is painful, infected, or cosmetically bothersome, it can be drained or injected with a corticosteroid to reduce inflammation. Surgical removal is an option for recurring or large cysts. Treatment for an epidermal inclusion cyst, also known as a sebaceous cyst, usually depends on its size and symptoms. Small, painless cysts may not need a treatment and can simply be monitored. If the cyst is painful, infected, or causes any cosmetic concerns, it can be drained or treated with a corticosteroid injection to reduce inflammation. Surgical removal is an option for larger or recurring cysts. Epidermal Inclusion Cyst (Sebaceous Cyst) Removal Epidermal inclusion cyst removal is usually done when the cyst is infected, painful, or cosmetically unappealing. The procedure is typically performed under local anesthesia in a doctor’s office. A small incision is made, and the cyst is carefully removed along with its entire sac to prevent prevent recurrence. If the cyst isn’t fully removed, it may regrow. For infected cysts, drainage or antibiotics may be needed before removal. The procedure is generally quick, with minimal discomfort and scarring. Proper aftercare, including keeping the area clean and following the doctor’s instructions, helps ensure a smooth healing process and reduces the risk of recurrence. Can sebaceous cysts be prevented? Preventing sebaceous cysts may not always be possible because they can develop due to factors like genetics or certain medications. However, maintaining good hygiene and skin health might reduce the risk of developing these cysts. What is the outlook for sebaceous cysts? Sebaceous cysts are typically benign and mostly cause discomfort or cosmetic concern rather than serious health issues. If surgically removed, they're less likely to return. Rarely, an infection could develop at the removal site, requiring antibiotic treatment. Does an epidermal inclusion cyst (sebaceous cyst) go away? While some sebaceous cysts may shrink or disappear over time, others can persist and grow in size. It's important to monitor any changes and seek medical advice if necessary. Can epidermal inclusion cysts get worse? If left untreated, epidermal inclusion cysts could potentially become infected or rupture, causing symptoms like inflammation and pain. In such cases, immediate medical attention is required. When to see a doctor? If you notice a new skin lump or changes in an existing one, like rapid growth, signs of infection, or increased pain, it's a good idea to see a healthcare professional right away. Is an epidermal inclusion cyst (sebaceous cyst) dangerous? While epidermal inclusion cysts are typically harmless, there have been rare cases where cancerous changes were found inside them. Therefore, it's important to have any changes in your skin, such as growth, pain, or unusual features, checked by a healthcare provider. Conclusion While epidermal inclusion cysts (often called sebaceous cysts) can be a bit concerning due to their appearance and any discomfort they may cause, they are usually harmless and treatable. Understanding what these cysts are and knowing when to seek medical advice is essential for managing them effectively. If you need a trusted partner in your healthcare journey or a reliable diagnostic provider for health check-ups, Metropolis Healthcare is here to help. With our advanced diagnostic labs and a qualified team of technicians offering at-home blood sample collection, we're dedicated to providing accurate results and personalized care right at your doorstep. After all, prioritising your health is an integral part of living a fulfilling life.

When it comes to maintaining health, knowledge is power. One such subject demanding our attention is uterine cancer. By identifying the symptoms, understanding its causes, and treatment choices can help you assist those affected or those who want to prevent this condition. This guide aims to clarify these topics to help improve health knowledge and overall well-being. What is uterine cancer? Uterine cancer refers to cancers that develop in the uterus, primarily divided into two types: endometrial cancer and uterine sarcoma. Endometrial cancer starts in the inner lining of the uterus and is the most common type, exhibiting symptoms like abnormal bleeding. Uterine sarcoma begins in the muscle wall of the uterus and is less common but can be more aggressive. Identifying these types are essential for an early detection and effective treatment, improving overall health outcomes. Are endometrial cancer and uterine cancer the same? While people often use “endometrial cancer” and “uterine cancer” interchangeably, it’s essential to clarify that they are not exactly the same. Endometrial cancer accounts for about 95% of all uterine cancers making it far more common than uterine sarcomas. What does the uterus do? The uterus plays a crucial role in a woman's reproductive system by providing a nurturing environment for a developing fetus during pregnancy. What does the endometrium do? The endometrium is sensitive to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle. Estrogen thickens this lining, preparing for possible pregnancy. If pregnancy does not take place, progesterone levels reduce, leading to the shedding of the uterine lining, resulting in a menstrual period. How common is uterine cancer? Uterine cancer, especially endometrial cancer, is one of the most prevalent gynecological cancers worldwide. Its incidence is rising rapidly, with an estimated 50% increase in cases expected by 2040. What are the symptoms of uterine cancer? Symptoms of uterine cancer can be misleading, as they often resemble other conditions. Common symptoms include: Vaginal bleeding between periods or after menopause Lower abdominal pain or cramping Thin white or clear vaginal discharge in postmenopausal women Heavy or prolonged vaginal bleeding in women over 40 It's important to report any unusual symptoms to your healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment. What causes uterine cancer? The exact cause of uterine cancer remains unknown. However, it is believed that changes in cells within the endometrium may lead to their uncontrolled growth and form a tumour. What are risk factors for uterine cancer? Various factors increase the risk of endometrial cancer: Age, Lifestyle, and Family History: Older age, obesity, or having a family history of conditions like Lynch Syndrome can increase the risk considerably Other Conditions: Conditions that increase estrogen levels without a proportionate increase in progesterone, such as obesity, diabetes, and polycystic ovary syndrome, can also elevate risk. Menstrual and Reproductive History: Women who started menstruating before age 12 or began menopause later have more exposure to estrogen which increases risk. Previous Treatments for Other Conditions: Taking hormone therapy may elevate the risk of endometrial cancer. These risk factors don’t guarantee the development of uterine cancer, but understanding them can help with early detection and management. What are the complications of endometrial cancer? Endometrial cancer, or uterine cancer, can result can potentially lead to life-threatening complications if it is not diagnosed early or managed effectively. Some complications may include: Anaemia: This condition is marked by a low number of red blood cells, which can occur if uterine cancer leads to heavy menstrual bleeding Uterine Perforation: This refers to a hole in the uterus that can occur during he process of dilation and curettage (D&C) or an endometrial biopsy, especially in women who are menopausal or have recently been pregnant Treatment Complications: Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy can cause fatigue, changes in bowel and bladder function, lymphoedema, and vaginal vault prolapse Menopause: If you undergo ovary removal or certain treatments for endometrial cancer, it can induce sudden menopause Infertility: Surgery to remove the uterus or pelvic radiation can cause infertility Cancer Metastasis: This is when cancer cells spread from the uterus to other areas of the body Ineffective Treatment Response: Sometimes, your body may not respond well to treatment, leading to further complications How is uterine cancer diagnosed? If you observe any unusual symptoms or potential signs of uterine cancer, it’s crucial to consult your healthcare provider. After discussing your symptoms, risk factors, and family history, they may suggest various tests to help with diagnosis. Blood Tests: A CA-125 assay test measures the level of CA-125 protein in the blood which can be indicative of uterine cancer Imaging Tests: CT scans and MRI scans can reveal detailed images of your uterus to identify any abnormalities Transvaginal Ultrasound: A special probe is inserted into the vagina to capture the images of the uterus Endometrial Biopsy: A thin, flexible tube is passed through the cervix and into the uterus to remove a small amount of the endometrium for testing Hysteroscopy: A thin tube with light and a camera is inserted through the vagina and cervix to reach the uterus for detailed visualisation Dilation and Curettage (D&C): This procedure is undertaken in an operating room to remove uterine tissue for further testing What tests will we need to diagnose uterine cancer? The diagnostic process includes several tests like blood tests, imaging tests like CT and MRI scans, transvaginal ultrasound, endometrial biopsy, hysteroscopy, and dilation and curettage (D&C). The cells collected from are then analysed in a lab by a pathologist to confirm the presence of cancer. What else does an endometrial cancer diagnosis show? Once endometrial cancer is diagnosed, it's also crucial for your care team to determine its type, as this helps in developing the most effective treatment plan. There are two main types: Type 1 endometrial cancers are less aggressive and don't spread quickly Type 2 endometrial cancers exhibit more aggressive behaviour, often spreading beyond the uterus necessitating stronger treatment Additionally, determining the stage of cancer is important for prognosis: Stage I - Cancer hasn't spread beyond the uterus Stage II - Cancer has spread to the cervix Stage III - Cancer has spread to the vagina, ovaries or lymph nodes Stage IV - Cancer has metastasised beyond nearby organs How is uterine cancer treated? The treatment for uterine cancer varies based on the type of cancer and the patient's overall health. Common treatment options include: Surgery: A hysterectomy to remove the uterus is a common surgical procedure Chemotherapy: Powerful drugs are used to destroy cancer cells Radiation Therapy: High-energy radiation is targeted at cancer cells to destroy them Hormone Therapy: Hormones are used or blocked to treat cancer Immunotherapy: Enhances your immune system's ability to fight cancer Targeted Therapy: Medications target specific cancer cells, preventing them from multiplying What can I expect after uterine surgery? Uterine cancer surgery can cause side effects like: Infertility which means you can't get pregnant Menopause (if you were premenopausal and ovaries were removed), along with symptoms like vaginal dryness and night sweats Can uterine cancer be prevented? While it's impossible to completely prevent uterine cancer, certain lifestyle changes can help reduce your risk: Maintaining a Healthy Weight Being Physically Active Using Hormonal Contraceptives Managing Diabetes Seeking Treatment for Abnormal Bleeding Talking to Your Doctor Considering Your Family History Staying Up to Date on Screenings What’s the survival rate for people with uterine cancer? The survival rate for uterine cancer mainly depends on the stage at which it is diagnosed. The five-year survival rate is approximately 81%. However, if it is caught early and remains confined to the uterus, the survival rate can be as high as 95% Is there a cure for uterine cancer? While there is no guaranteed cure, uterine cancer treatment can be very effective if it is detected early and hasn't spread beyond the uterus. Surgical removal of the uterus may lead to a potential cure. Conclusion Understanding uterine cancer, its symptoms, causes, and treatment options, is crucial for early detection and effective management. While this information offers a complete overview, it's crucial to seek personalized medical advice from your healthcare provider. You should consider regular health checks for early detection and managing your health. Metropolis Healthcare offers at-home sample collection and advanced testing services, with quick online access to your test reports through email or the Metropolis TruHealth app. Remember, prioritising your health is an investment for a healthier tomorrow. So, take the first step towards empowering yourself with knowledge and proactive healthcare today!

Dealing with a bone cancer diagnosis can be challenging for you or your loved ones. You may have many questions about symptoms, causes, treatment options, and the stages of the disease. While this journey can be tough, understanding bone cancer can help make things easier. This blog aims to provide clear information on bone cancer, including the symptoms, causes, treatment, and stages, as well as survival rates. Our goal is to support you in managing your health. A bone cancer diagnosis can raise many questions for patients and their families. This article aims to help readers understand the condition better. This article will guide you through living with bone cancer, covering what it is, common symptoms like bone pain, possible causes, and available treatments. Knowing more about the condition can help patients feel more in control and at ease. What is Bone Cancer? Bone cancer is a serious condition characterized by abnormal cell growth in the bones. It can be classified as primary, which means it starts in the bone itself, or secondary, which occurs when cancer spreads to the bones from other areas of the body. However, primary bone cancers are less common than secondary ones. Among these primary bone cancers, the three most commonly diagnosed types such as Osteosarcoma, Ewing Sarcoma, and Chondrosarcoma. Osteosarcoma and Ewing Sarcoma primarily affect children and young adults, whereas Chondrosarcoma is more frequently seen in older individuals. Understanding these types is crucial for ensuring accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and improved support for patients during their journey. How common is Bone Cancer? Bone cancer is relatively rare, making up approximately 1% of all cancer cases globally. However, it still represents to a considerable number of new diagnoses each year, with prevalence varying across different regions. Where does Bone Cancer usually start? Bone cancer can develop in any bone but most often affects the long bones, especially in the arms and legs like the femur, tibia, and humerus. A common symptoms include knee pain, which many patients describe as a dull ache that intensifies over time. This pain can become persistent, indicating the need for further evaluation. If someone is experiencing similar symptoms, it's important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate and timely diagnosis along with appropriate care. In addition to knee pain, individuals may notice swelling or tenderness in the affected area. Other symptoms of bone cancer include limited range of motion, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, and a general sense of unwellness. As the cancer progresses bones weaken, resulting in fractures that happen more easily than expected, even due to minor falls or injuries. If you or someone you know is experiencing these symptoms, it's important to consult a healthcare professional for an evaluation. If someone is experiencing persistent knee pain or concerning symptoms, it is essential to seek medical attention. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for better outcomes in bone cancer. Doctors often use imaging tests, such as X-rays or MRIs, along with biopsies to confirm the presence of cancer. Early detection of these symptoms allows a prompt intervention, which is essential for effective treatment and management. Being aware of these symptoms enables individuals to take proactive steps regarding their health. Can a benign bone tumor become cancerous? Yes, benign (non-cancerous) bone tumors can sometimes become malignant (cancerous), but this is rare and usually not a major concern. It's important to keep an eye on benign tumors for any changes that might indicate they are turning cancerous. What should I know about Bone Cancer Staging? Bone cancer stages help determine the size of the tumor, where it is located, growth rate and whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body. The cancer stages are numbered from 1 (least severe) to 4 (most severe). Staging is based on factors like tumor size, location, growth rate, the number of bones involved, and if it has spread to other areas or lymph nodes. What are Bone Cancer Symptoms? The primary symptom of bone cancer is localised pain in the affected area. Other signs include swelling, unexpected fractures from minor injuries, or severe pain that continues even at rest. It’s crucial to remember that these symptoms aren’t unique to bone cancer and could be caused by other conditions. Common symptoms include pain, often in the knee, swelling of the bone, and fractures without major trauma. Because these symptoms can resemble those of other conditions, early detection is vital. What Causes Bone Cancer? The exact causes of bone cancer are unknown. However, certain genetic disorders and exposure to radiation may increase the risk. It's essential to highlight that many of the individuals diagnosed with bone cancer have no obvious risk factors. This uncertainty highlights why it's important to do more research to better understand what causes this disease. By learning more about bone cancer, we can improve prevention, diagnosis, and treatment options for those affected. How is Bone Cancer Diagnosed? Diagnosing bone cancer primarily involves using imaging tests like X-rays, MRI scans, PET scans, and CT scans. These images provide information about the location and size of the tumor. A definitive diagnosis is made through a biopsy, which involves extracting a tissue sample from the suspicious area for laboratory analysis. How is Bone Cancer Treated? Treatment for bone cancer varies based on its type and stage. A team of multidisciplinary specialists develops a tailored treatment plan for each patient. In cases of osteosarcoma, which is quite common, treatment typically starts with chemotherapy, followed by surgery and then additional chemotherapy. Contrary to common belief, modern treatments focus on limb salvage surgery whenever possible. Amputation is necessary only a small number of cases. Nearly 90% of cases undergo limb salvage surgery where the tumor is removed while preserving the limb's functionality. Can Bone Cancer Be Prevented? While there are no guaranteed preventive measures against bone cancer, maintaining overall health and wellness can help lower risk factors. Regular medical check-ups can also ensure early detection and timely intervention if any abnormalities surface. What is the Outlook for People with Bone Cancer? Many cases of bone cancer are effectively treated and managed. The success rate varies based on factors like the stage and type of cancer. For example, osteosarcoma has long-term survival rates of up to 70% if diagnosed before it spreads. This highlights importance of identifying the condition early and starting treatment right away. Is Bone Cancer Usually Fatal? The fatality rate of bone cancer depends on several factors, including the type of cancer, when it is diagnosed, and individual health. However, improvements in medical science have significantly increased survival rates over the years. How Long Can You Live with Bone Cancer? Again, life expectancy for individuals with bone cancer greatly depends on various factors. However, with early detection and appropriate treatment, many patients can live for many years following diagnosis. When to see a doctor? If you're experiencing persistent bone pain or have observed unusual changes in your bones like swelling or fractures without significant trauma, it's important to consult a healthcare provider immediately. What does Bone Cancer feel like? The main symptom of bone cancer is pain, but some tumors can be painless. The pain can range from mild or strong and is often described as throbbing, aching, or stabbing. Some people may also notice a lump in the affected area, which can be hard or soft to touch. Is there a connection between Osteoporosis and Bone Cancer? Although both conditions affect the bones, osteoporosis (which makes bones weak and brittle) does not directly lead to bone cancer. However, individual with osteoporosis are more prone to fractures, which can sometimes be confused with bone cancer symptoms because they may appear similar. Conclusion Living with bone cancer requires understanding your condition and making informed choices about your healthcare. Early detection and prompt intervention are key factors that can greatly improve survival rates. Understanding bone cancer symptoms, causes, treatment options, and stages enables you to make informed decisions about your health. While facing bone cancer can be difficult, it is not impossible to manage. Being knowledgeable about the condition can empower you to make informed decisions about your health. Be sure to consult your healthcare provider regularly for personalised advice. Additionally, consider using diagnostic services like those provided by Metropolis Healthcare for routine check-ups and early detection of any abnormalities. With their accurate pathology testing services conveniently available at home, prioritising your health becomes less daunting. Stay informed, stay healthy!

Have you ever noticed small white spots on your nails that leave you puzzled? If so, you're not alone. These spots, known as leukonychia, are quite common. While they are usually harmless, they can cause concern about their underlying causes. This comprehensive guide aims to demystify leukonychia by addressing your questions about the origins of these white spots, potential treatments, and prevention strategies. We’ll delve into possible triggers, such as nail trauma, calcium deficiency, and the effects of anxiety on nail health. Our goal is to guide you from diagnosis to treatment, providing clear explanations to enhance your health literacy. We want to empower you with the information you need to make informed health choices. Let’s uncover the mystery behind those white spots and help you feel more confident about your nail health! What is Leukonychia? Leukonychia refers to white discolourations or spots on your fingernails or toenails. These white spots can vary in size and number, ranging from small specks to large patches, and may appear on one nail or multiple. There are three main types of leukonychia: True Leukonychia: White spots that develop in the nail matrix, where nail growth begins, and appear in the hard part of the nail (nail plate). Apparent Leukonychia: White spots that form in the skin beneath the nails (nail bed). Pseudoleukonychia: Caused by external factors like fungi, these white spots develop on the surface of the nail. The appearance varies among individuals, some may have tiny specks while others have larger spots; some may have it on one nail while others may find it on several nails. The manifestation of these white spots varies from person to person, some may have one or two medium-sized spots or many specks, while others may have very large spots. What do White Spots on My Nails Mean? Typically, white spots on nails are indicative of some form of stress experienced by your nails. This could be a result of physical injuries like hitting your nail against a hard surface, an infection or an allergic reaction. In some instances, these white spots might be the side effects of certain medications. Certain medications can also have side-effects which cause white spots on nails. Remember, the presence of these white spots is not always a cause for alarm but a sign that your nails might need some extra care. What are the Most Common Causes of White Spots on Nails? Understanding the causes of white spots on nails is crucial for diagnosis and treatment. The following are common causes of leukonychia: Allergies: Products used on your nails such as nail polish or hardener could trigger an allergic reaction causing white spots. Injuries (Trauma): Bumping, hitting your nails or regular manicures can cause injuries to nail plates or nail matrixes, leading to white spots. Fungal Infections: These can discolor your nails, making them appear to have white spots. Poisoning and Medications: Exposure to heavy metals or certain medications could also cause white spots. Systemic Diseases: Conditions that affect your entire body, like diabetes or heart failure, may cause leukonychia in rare cases. Hereditary Conditions: Certain inherited conditions may also cause appearance of white spots. What Deficiency Causes White Spots on Nails? Healthcare providers and researchers are unsure whether deficiencies cause white spots on nails. Some believe that a lack of essential minerals like iron, calcium, and zinc may lead to leukonychia, while others think it could be due to vitamin deficiencies. However, many experts argue there isn't enough research to support these claims. As a result, the connection between nutritional deficiencies and white spots on nails remains uncertain and continues to be debated within the medical community. More studies are needed for clear answers. Does Anxiety Cause White Spots on Nails? Though anxiety itself doesn't directly result in white spots on nails, habits triggered by anxiety like nail-biting or picking at your nails might cause them. Depending upon the root cause of leukonychia, the treatment may vary. For instance, if it's cause due to an injury, the spots will grow out over time. In case the spots are due to fungal infection, antifungal medications may be prescribed. How are White Spots on Nails Treated? Leukonychia treatment depends on its root cause. White spots resulting due to injuries usually grow out over time. If fungal infections are the reason behind these white spots, your healthcare provider may prescribe antifungal medications. In the case of white spots due to allergic reactions, discontinuing the use of the product causing the allergy might be advised. Depending upon the root cause of leukonychia, the treatment may vary. For instance, if it's due to an injury, the spots will grow out over time. In case the spots are due to fungal infection, antifungal medications may be prescribed. How Can Leukonychia Be Prevented? While there's no guaranteed way to prevent leukonychia, adhering to certain tips can help: Protect your nails during activities that could result in injuries. Regularly moisturise your nails. Keep your nails neatly trimmed. Avoid using irritating chemicals or products on your nails. When Should White Spots on Nails Be Treated by a Doctor? While an occasional white spot might not warrant a doctor's visit, you should consult a healthcare provider if you notice frequent or widespread leukonychia. Also, if you notice other symptoms like changes in nail colour, ridges, or dents alongside white spots, it is a time to get a medical advice. It's advisable to consult a healthcare provider if you notice any new symptoms around your nails or experience white spots along with more severe symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, blurred vision, disorientation, and shortness of breath. Conclusion Noticing white spots on your nails can be worrisome, but understanding leukonychia can help ease your concerns. Generally harmless, these spots often result from minor injuries, nail trauma, or allergic reactions. They can also occur due to factors such as nail polish or harsh chemicals. However, if the spots still persist without any obvious cause or are accompanied by other symptoms, such as changes in nail texture or color, it's important to consult a healthcare provider for a thorough evaluation and peace of mind. At Metropolis Healthcare, we understand the crucial role of diagnostic services in overall health management. Our team of expert technicians is just a call away for at-home blood sample collection processed at our advanced diagnostic labs. Explore our comprehensive offerings and empower yourself to prioritise your health today. Our dedicated team of expert professionals are available for at-home sample collections, providing timely and reliable reports straight to your inbox or our user-friendly TruHealth app. Together, let's prioritise your health!

Cold Weather with a Heart Condition As the temperature drops, paying extra attention to heart care in winter is crucial. Cold weather can increase risks for people with heart conditions, putting more strain on the cardiovascular system. Studies show that heart attacks rates can rise by up to 53% in winter compared to summer. Whether you have a pre-existing heart issue or simply want to prioritise your heart health, understanding how winter impacts the heart and taking proactive steps is essential. In this article, we will explore the link between winter and heart disease and some share expert tips to manage your heart health in the cold and important tests to monitor your heart. How Does Cold Weather Affect Your Heart? Being exposed to cold weather during winter can raise the risk of heart attacks. The cold weather can cause blood vessels to narrow, raising blood pressure and makes the heart work harder to circulate blood. This increased strain on the heart is a major reason why heart attacks come in winter, especially for those with existing heart conditions. Consider these statistics: For every 1°C drop in temperature, the risk of heart attack increases by 2% Heart-related deaths are 26-36% higher in winter compared to summer Cold weather increases blood pressure by an average of 5 mmHg Additionally, in winter, the heart may beat faster to generate heat which creates a stress the cardiovascular system. Breathing in icy air can also cause arteries to spasm, reducing blood flow to the heart These factors, along with a higher risk of respiratory infections, help help explain the connection between winter and heart attacks. Tips to Manage Heart Health in Winter Winter can be a challenging season for individuals with heart conditions, making heart care in winter even more vital. Cold weather can add extra stress to the cardiovascular system, so taking proactive steps in winter care for heart patients is essential. Here are some practical tips to help you manage your heart health during the colder months. Dress Warmly One of the simplest ways to protect your heart in winter is to dress in layers and keep yourself warm. When your body is exposed to cold temperatures, your blood vessels constrict, forcing your heart to pump harder. Wear hats, scarves, and gloves to avoid exposing your body to freezing conditions. Stay Active, but Don’t Overdo It Physical activity is essential for heart health, but during winter, intense outdoor exercises in the cold can put extra strain on your heart. Choose indoor exercises or activities that help you to stay warm. Walking in a warm environment, yoga, or light aerobic exercises can help you stay fit without overexerting your heart. Monitor Your Blood Pressure Cold weather can raise blood pressure, which can increase the risk of winter and heart disease. Monitoring your blood pressure regularly, especially when you have a history of hypertension or heart disease. Keeping track of your numbers can help in early detection problems before they escalate. Eat Heart-Healthy Foods Diet is very important for heart care in winter. Eating heart-healthy foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and omega-3 fish can help keep your cholesterol and blood pressure in check. These foods provide essential nutrients supporting the heart function and reduce the risk of complications during colder months. Stay Indoors During Extreme Cold Try to stay indoors when temperatures are extremely low, as the cold can lead to heart problems. If you need to go outside, limit your time and dress warmly. By taking these steps, you can effectively manage your heart health in winter and reduce the risk of complications. How To Reduce The Risk Of Heart Attacks During Winter Although the risk of heart attacks in winter are high, here are some steps which you can take to reduce your chances of a cardiac event: Avoid sudden, strenuous activities like shovelling snow Take frequent breaks during outdoor chores Dress in warm layers to prevent sudden changes in body temperature Stay hydrated and avoid overexertion Don't ignore symptoms like chest pain or shortness of breath If you have a heart condition, it's essential to check with your doctor before engaging in any winter activities. They can offer personalised guidance based on specific winter care for heart patients. Tests to Get Your Heart Checked During Winter Winter can be challenging for individuals with heart conditions as colder temperatures puts extra pressure on the heart. For those with existing heart issues or are at a higher risk, it's crucial to check your heart health regularly during winter. Keeping up with key tests can help in early detection and allow for timely management, reducing the risk of serious complications like heart attacks. Here are some essential tests to consider: Blood Pressure Monitoring: High blood pressure is a significant risk factor for heart disease, and winter can cause blood pressure to spike. Regular monitoring helps ensure that it stays within a healthy range. Cholesterol and Lipid Profile: High cholesterol levels can lead to plaque build-up in the arteries, increasing the risk of winter and heart attacks. Keeping a track of your cholesterol levels lets you take action to manage it with diet or medication if needed. Blood Glucose Levels (for Diabetes): High blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels over time, leading to heart disease. Regular blood glucose testing is vital for individuals with diabetes or those at risk. Electrocardiogram (ECG): An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart and helps detect any irregularities, such as arrhythmias, that could indicate underlying heart problems. Exercise Stress Test: This test measures how well your heart can handle physical exertion, which is particularly important in winter when outdoor activities can put extra strain on the heart. Echocardiogram: An echocardiogram uses an ultrasound to create images of the heart, helping doctors assess heart function, detect valve problems, and check for heart damage. Regular check-ups and important tests can give you useful information about your heart health. Your doctor can suggest the right screenings and provide personalised guidance on heart care in winter based on your medical history. Frequently Asked Questions Can be too cold trigger a heart attack? Yes, being exposed to extreme cold can raise the risk of heart attacks, especially for those with existing heart conditions. How does a person feel during a heart attack? Symptoms of a heart attack can include chest pain or pressure, shortness of breath, light-headedness, nausea, and cold sweats. However, these symptoms can vary, some people might experience less common signs. Can a cold shower damage your heart health? While a cold shower itself may not directly damage your heart, the sudden shock of cold water can cause the blood vessels to constrict and increase blood pressure, which may be risky for those with heart conditions. Is hot water suitable for heart patients? Warm water can help relax blood vessels and improve circulation, but very hot water can strain the heart. Heart patients should check with their doctor for personalised heart care in winter advice on water temperature. Conclusion As the winter season arrives, it’s important to take proactive steps to protect your heart health, especially if you have a pre-existing condition. Dressing warmly, exercising safely, eating well, managing stress, and keeping up with medical check-ups can help lower your risk of heart attacks in winter. If you need support for winter care for heart patients, consider Metropolis Healthcare for accessible and reliable diagnostic services. With a network of advanced labs across India and at-home sample collection, Metropolis makes it easy to monitor your heart health. Prioritise your cardiovascular well-being this winter; your heart will thank you!

Do you experience severe menstrual cramps that disrupt your life every month? You may be suffering from dysmenorrhea, a type of medical condition which is known by having painful periods. Dysmenorrhea is the a common gynaecological condition which affects women of all ages. While some discomfort during your period is normal, dysmenorrhea involves moderate to severe pain that can really impact your quality of life. For many women, menstrual cramps are unwelcome guests. However, when this pain becomes severe and interferes with daily activities, it could indicate dysmenorrhea, a gynaecological condition marked by painful periods. If you're among those countless women who are struggling with menstrual cramps every month, you’re not alone. This condition is the most common among women, affecting up to 90% of those who have periods. In this article, we will look at the types, causes, and symptoms of dysmenorrhea. We will also discuss effective dysmenorrhea treatment options and home remedies to help you feel better and manage your menstrual health. What is dysmenorrhea? Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for painful periods or menstrual cramps. It refers to throbbing or cramping pain in the lower abdomen that many women experience before or during their period. This condition affects over half of menstruating women worldwide, with pain ranging from mild to severe. In addition to abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea can be cause symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, and fatigue, significantly impacting daily life. Understanding the various manifestations and underlying causes of dysmenorrhea is essential for effective management and treatment, helping women lead more comfortable lives during their menstrual cycles. What are the types of dysmenorrhea? There are two main types of dysmenorrhea: Primary dysmenorrhea Primary dysmenorrhea is the most common type of menstrual pain, affecting up to 90% of adolescent girls and 40% of adult women. It refers to menstrual cramps that are not caused by any underlying health issues. Primary dysmenorrhea usually start within a year or two after a girl’s first period and may get better with age or after having children. Women dealing with this condition might be more sensitive to pain, even when they’re not on their period, which can make them more likely to experience other chronic pain issues. Secondary dysmenorrhea Secondary dysmenorrhea refers to painful period cramps caused by underlying issues in the reproductive system, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, or a pelvic inflammatory disease. This type of dysmenorrhea typically affects older women and is often associated with more severe menstrual cramps and significant pelvic pain. Secondary dysmenorrhea can develop at any age, secondary dysmenorrhea frequently presents with additional symptoms, including heavy bleeding during menstruation and discomfort or pain between periods. Identifying the root causes is crucial for an effective treatment and relief of these debilitating symptoms. Is having dysmenorrhea normal? While some discomfort during menstruation is normal, dysmenorrhea involves pain that is severe enough to disrupt daily activities. Dysmenorrhea is a leading cause of school and work absences for women in their teens and 20s. Mild cramps may be typical, but severe dysmenorrhea that affects your quality of life is not. Research suggests that up to 15% of women experience dysmenorrhea severe enough to prevent them from going to work or school. If your period pain regularly makes it hard to do everyday tasks, it’s crucial to seek medical advice. What are the Causes of Dysmenorrhea? The primary cause of dysmenorrhea is an excess of prostaglandins, which are chemicals that regulate uterine contractions. For secondary dysmenorrhea, medical conditions like endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), uterine fibroids, abnormal pregnancies, and pelvic infections are often responsible for the pain. What is the main cause of painful periods? The primary cause of menstrual cramps is due to contraction of the uterus, which is triggered by prostaglandins. When levels are elevated, can cause more sever and painful cramps during monthly periods. Secondary dysmenorrhea, is usually linked to underlying health issues such as endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), uterine fibroids, or an abnormal pregnancy. Additionally, pelvic infections can also contribute to discomfort. Understanding these causes is crucial for an accurate diagnosis and effective treatment, helping to alleviate the pain and improve overall comfort during menstrual cycles. Why are period cramps so painful? Period cramps become painful when the uterine contractions are especially intense and prolonged. This can also squeeze the nearby blood vessels and reduce oxygen supply to the uterine muscles, causing intense pain. This pain may also lead to nausea, dizziness, and diarrhea. Women with dysmenorrhea may be more sensitive to pain during their entire menstrual cycle, making their discomfort worse. What are the symptoms of painful menstrual cramps? The symptoms of dysmenorrhea can vary but often include: Throbbing or cramping pain in the lower abdomen Pain that radiates to the lower back and thighs Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea or constipation Headaches Dizziness Fatigue These symptoms typically start 1-2 days before your period and last for 2-4 days. If you experience extreme discomfort or if your symptoms last longer, it's important to see a healthcare provider. How does secondary dysmenorrhea cause menstrual cramps? In secondary dysmenorrhea, menstrual cramps are caused by underlying disorders of the reproductive system, such as: Endometriosis: When uterine tissue grows outside the uterus, it can cause painful periods, chronic pelvic pain, and pain during sex or bowel movements Uterine Fibroids: These noncancerous growths in the uterine wall can cause heavy, prolonged, and painful periods Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): Pelvic inflammatory disease can cause inflammation and scarring, leading to pain Unlike primary dysmenorrhea, where pain typically occurs during monthly period, the discomfort linked with secondary dysmenorrhea may happen at any time throughout the menstrual cycle. This can make it more challenging to manage, as the pain can be constant and unpredictable. Females experiencing secondary dysmenorrhea report a range of symptoms that can significantly impact their quality of life, highlighting the importance of seeking medical advice for an effective diagnosis and treatment options. Understanding these underlying conditions is important for finding a relief and improving overall well-being. Who is more likely to have dysmenorrhea? Several factors can increase the chances of experiencing dysmenorrhea: Age: It’s most common in women under 30, especially those in their late teens and early 20s Early Menarche: Starting your period at a younger age (before 12) is associated to a higher risk Heavy or irregular periods: Longer and heavier periods often lead to more severe cramps Family history: Having a close relative with dysmenorrhea can increase your risk Smoking: Women who smoke are more likely to have painful periods Obesity: A higher body mass index (BMI) is associated with an increased risk of dysmenorrhea Can there be complications of painful periods? Menstrual cramps typically don’t result in other medical complications, but they can impact your ability to attend school, work, and participate in social activities. However, certain conditions linked to menstrual cramps can cause serious complications. For example, endometriosis can cause pregnancy issues. Similarly, a pelvic inflammatory disease can create scar tissue in the fallopian tubes, which increases the risk of an ectopic pregnancy, where a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus. What is the difference between normal cramps and dysmenorrhea? The main difference between regular cramps and dysmenorrhea is their intensity. Normal Cramps: Many people feel light cramps during their period, affecting over 60% of individuals. These cramps are usually mild to moderate and subsides after few days Dysmenorrhea: This term refers to painful menstrual cramps that can feel sharp or achy in the lower abdomen. It might also cause back or leg pain, along with other symptoms like nausea, fatigue, and diarrhea. Regular cramps are usually mild and don’t bother you much, while dysmenorrhea includes painful cramps that can make it hard to go about your daily activities. How can you relieve menstrual cramps? Here are some dysmenorrhea treatment options that can help relieve painful periods: NSAIDs and pain relievers: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and naproxen are often the first of defense against menstrual cramps. They help in reducing inflammation and lower prostaglandin levels. Hormonal Medications: Hormonal birth control methods such as the pill, patch, or vaginal ring can help regulate your menstrual cycle and reduce painful periods by thinning the uterine lining and decreasing prostaglandin levels. In addition to medication, these self-care tips can also help ease menstrual cramps: Apply a heating pad or hot water bottle to your lower abdomen Take a warm bath Gently massage your abdomen Use relaxation techniques like deep breathing or meditation Stay hydrated and try to avoid caffeine and alcohol Get regular exercise, which can boost endorphins and help reduce pain Can we prevent dysmenorrhea? While it may not be possible to completely prevent dysmenorrhea, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk and manage your symptoms: Maintain a healthy weight through regular exercise and a balanced diet Quit smoking and limit alcohol consumption Practice stress-reduction techniques like meditation or yoga Use hormonal birth control as directed by your healthcare provider Stay hydrated and eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains Consider taking dietary supplements like omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, and magnesium When to see a doctor? If Painful periods are disrupting your daily life, it's crucial to reach out to your healthcare provider. While mild cramps are common, Severe menstrual cramps can affect your daily life. Tracking your periods and noting when the pain is most intense. Additionally, keep an eye on any other symptoms, such as headaches or heavy bleeding. Your healthcare provider will inquire about the onset of your periods, the duration of your symptoms, your sexual activity, and any family history related to dysmenorrhea. Conclusion Living with dysmenorrhea can be challenging, but with the right knowledge and support, you can find relief and manage your menstrual health effectively. By understanding about its types, causes, and symptoms of dysmenorrhea, along with the treatment can help you create a plan with your doctor for managing painful periods. If your cramps are really impacting your life, be sure to seek medical assistance. At Metropolis Healthcare, we understand the role of accurate diagnosis in identifying the root causes of your symptoms. We provide a reliable pathology testing to identify any of the underlying conditions contributing to your menstrual pain. Our skilled phlebotomists offer convenient at-home sample collection for a comfortable experience. Start your journey to better menstrual health by visiting our website or using our user-friendly app to book an appointment. You can prioritise your well-being with the right information and support. Take control of your menstrual health today by exploring our comprehensive women's health check-up packages as well as scheduling a personalised appointment with Metropolis Healthcare.

What Are The Most Common Winter Health Myths, And Why Do They Exist? Winter health myths often arise from cultural beliefs, personal anecdotes, and certain misunderstandings about the affects of cold weather on the body. Common cold weather myths include the belief that cold weather directly causes colds or that wearing hats prevents most heat loss. These misconceptions persist because they are passed down through generations and may be based on partial truths. For example, cold weather can weaken the immune system, it’s actually viruses, not cold air, that cause illness. Understanding the facts behind these myths helps people make informed health choices and take better care of themselves during winter. Let's explore some of the most pervasive winter health misconceptions: Myth 1: Cold air causes the common cold This myth is one of the most widespread winter health myths. However, cold weather itself does not directly cause illness. The common cold and flu are primarily caused by viruses, such as rhinoviruses and influenza viruses. Cold temperatures do not cause illnesses directly, they create conditions that make virus transmission more likely: Colder temperatures can lower your immune response Increased indoor crowding facilitates the spread of viruses Dry indoor air can make respiratory passages more susceptible to infection Myth 2: Exercise outdoors is dangerous in winter This cold weather myth is false. Exercising outdoors in winter can be safe if you follow a few simple tips. Here’s how to stay warm and healthy: Dress in Layers: Dress in layers. Begin with a thin layer that wicks away sweat, add a warm fleece layer, and finish with a waterproof layer. You can take off layers if it gets too hot. Warm Up: Warm up before exercising. Do some light stretches or gentle movements to get your body ready. Stay Hydrated: Drink water before, during, and after your workout, even if you don’t feel thirsty. Staying hydrated is important in cold weather too. Watch for Slippery Surfaces: Be careful of ice and snow. Wear shoes with good grip to avoid slipping. Check Your Health: If you have any health concerns or are new to exercise, talk to a healthcare professional for advice. Avoid Bad Weather: Don’t exercise in thunderstorms, prefer to stay indoors if it’s very cold. Always check the weather before heading out. Watch for Frostbite: Be alert for signs of frostbite, such as numbness or changes in skin color. If you suspect frostbite, see a doctor right away. By following these tips, you can enjoy winter workouts safely and stay healthy. Myth 3: Drinking alcohol warms you up Drinking alcohol might make you feel warm temporarily, but it doesn’t raise your body temperature. In fact, alcohol can cause blood vessels to widen, leading to heat loss. This winter health myth is dangerous because it can lead people to underestimate the risks of hypothermia and frostbite. Myth 4: Heart attacks aren't related to cold weather This cold weather myth is not entirely accurate. Cold weather can actually increase the risk of heart attacks: The cold causes blood vessels to constrict, which increases blood pressure and puts extra strain on the heart. This is especially risky for people with existing heart conditions. Rapid changes in temperature can also worsen other issues, such as migraines and asthma. Myth 5: Vitamin C prevents colds While vitamin C supports immune function, there isn’t a strong evidence that it prevents colds. Taking vitamin C regularly can shorten cold symptoms, helping you recover quicker. Too much vitamin C can cause upset stomach, and those with kidney issues should avoid supplements. Pregnant women should consult their doctor before taking high doses. Most adults need 65 to 90 milligrams daily, easily obtained from fruits like oranges. Overall, while vitamin C can help reduce the length of colds, it’s not a sure way to prevent them, so try to include it in your diet for better immune health. Myth 6: Women are colder than men There’s no scientific evidence to back this winter health myth that women feel colder than men. Any differences in how people perceive cold temperatures are more likely influenced by factors like clothing choices, activity levels, and individual metabolism, rather than inherent gender traits. Myth 7: You lose body heat through your head This is another common cold weather myth. While wearing a hat is important for staying warm, the notion that 90% of body heat is lost through the head is incorrect. Heat loss is proportional to the exposed surface area of the body. The head accounts for only about 7% of the body's surface area. Myth 8: Sunscreen isn't needed in the winter This winter health myth is incorrect. Sunscreen is still important during the winter for several reasons: Up to 80% of the sun's rays can penetrate through clouds UVA rays are always present and can harm the skin, increasing the risk of skin cancer Snow can reflect sunlight, which can intensify UV exposure Myth 9: Don't worry about allergies until spring Winter allergies are a real concern, particularly due to increased exposure to indoor allergens like dust mites, mould, and pet dander when spending more time indoors. Symptoms can include a scratchy throat, runny nose, and watery eyes, which might be mistaken for a cold. Maintain a clean environment and use air purifiers to manage these winter allergies. Frequently Asked Questions Does eating more in winter help keep you warm? Eating more in winter does not directly help keep you warm. While consuming calories is essential for energy production, the idea that eating more food will significantly increase body temperature is a winter health myth. Appropriate clothing, layered dressing, and maintaining a balanced diet are more effective ways to stay warm. Are heart attacks more common during winter? Yes, heart attacks can be more common during winter. As the cold weather can increase blood pressure and put additional strain on the heart, increasing the risk for individuals with pre-existing heart conditions. Is it true that going outside with wet hair can make you sick? No, going outside with wet hair doesn't directly make you sick. However, being wet and cold can cause discomfort and temporarily weaken your immune system, making it a bit easier for a virus to take hold. It is wise to dry your hair properly and dress appropriately to stay comfortable and reduce the risk of getting sick. Conclusion Understanding the truth behind common winter health myths is crucial for maintaining good health during the colder months. By debunking these cold weather myths, we can make informed decisions and focus on the evidence-based methods to stay healthy and comfortable. While cold weather can affect health in different ways, many beliefs about winter illnesses are just myths. If you have concerns about your health during winter, it's always best to consult with a healthcare professional. Metropolis Healthcare, a leading chain of diagnostic labs across India, offers accurate pathology testing and health check-up services to help you stay on top of your well-being. With a team of qualified blood collection technicians who make at-home visits and convenient online reporting via email and the user-friendly Metropolis TruHealth app, prioritising your health has never been easier.