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What is continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)? Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) is an advanced technology that continuously tracks blood glucose levels throughout the day and night. Unlike traditional fingerstick tests that provide isolated readings, CGM devices offer a constant stream of real-time data. This allows for the identification of glucose level patterns and trends, enabling more informed diabetes management decisions. CGM is particularly beneficial for children with type 1 diabetes, as it: Reduces the need for multiple daily fingerstick tests Provides immediate alerts for high or low glucose levels Enhances parental confidence in managing their child's diabetes By continuously monitoring glucose levels, CGM helps children and their caregivers make timely adjustments to insulin dosing, diet, and physical activity, ultimately leading to better glycemic control and quality of life. What is interstitial fluid? Interstitial fluid is the fluid found in the spaces between cells in the body. It is part of the extracellular fluid compartment and is vital in transporting nutrients and waste products between the cells and the bloodstream. In the context of CGM, the CGM sensor is inserted under the skin into the interstitial fluid. The sensor measures the glucose concentration in this fluid, which closely correlates with blood glucose levels. By detecting changes in interstitial glucose, CGM devices can provide a continuous stream of data that reflects overall glycemic control. Understanding the role of interstitial fluid is crucial for CGM users. It explains the slight delay between blood glucose changes and the readings displayed on the CGM device. This delay, typically around 5-10 minutes, occurs because glucose takes time to move from the bloodstream into the interstitial fluid. How does a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) work? A Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) works by using a small sensor inserted under the skin to measure glucose levels in the interstitial fluid. Here's a step-by-step breakdown of how CGM devices function: Sensor insertion: A tiny electrode, called a CGM sensor, is inserted just under the skin, usually on the abdomen or arm. This sensor measures glucose levels in the interstitial fluid every few minutes, typically every 5 minutes. Data transmission: The CGM sensor wirelessly transmits the glucose data to a display device, which can be a dedicated receiver, a smartphone, or a smartwatch. This allows users and their caregivers to monitor glucose levels in real time. Real-time readings and trends: The display on a CGM shows the current glucose reading along with trend arrows indicating whether the glucose level is rising, falling, or stable. This real-time data helps identify immediate changes and patterns in glucose levels, enabling timely interventions. Many parents find the trend arrows in a CGM helpful in managing their child's diabetes. For example, suppose the arrow points upward, indicating a rising glucose level. In that case, they may choose to administer a corrective dose of insulin or encourage their child to engage in physical activity to prevent hyperglycemia. Alerts and notifications: Most CGM devices offer customisable alarms and notifications that alert users when their glucose level is too high or too low. These alerts on a CGM can be set up to notify caregivers remotely, which is especially useful for young children who may not recognise the signs of hyper- or hypoglycemia themselves. Integration with insulin therapy: CGM can be used alongside insulin pumps as part of sensor-augmented pump (SAP) therapy or with multiple daily injections. Some systems are fully integrated, displaying CGM readings on the pump's screen. Advanced systems, like the Medtronic Paradigm Veo, include features such as low glucose suspend, which halts insulin delivery when glucose levels drop below a preset threshold. Retrospective analysis: CGM data can be analysed retrospectively to understand patterns of glucose levels at different times of the day or in response to various foods and activities. This CGM information helps in adjusting diabetes management routines, such as diet and insulin dosing, to achieve better glycemic control. Did you know? Studies have shown that consistent use of CGM can improve haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and reduce the time spent in hypoglycemic ranges, especially when used frequently (at least 6 days a week). Are CGMs easy to use? CGM devices are generally designed to be user-friendly, particularly for children and their caregivers. Here are some aspects that make a CGM relatively easy to use: Simple sensor insertion: The process of inserting the CGM sensor is straightforward and can be done at home. Many devices come with automated insertion tools to make this step easier. Real-time data: The real-time glucose readings and trend arrows on a CGM provide immediate feedback, allowing users to make quick and informed decisions about their diabetes management. This reduces the reliance on frequent fingerstick blood glucose tests. Customisable alerts: Parents and caregivers can set up CGM alerts and notifications to ensure they are promptly informed if their child's glucose levels are outside the target range. This adds a layer of security and reduces the stress associated with managing diabetes. Compact and discreet design: CGM devices are designed to be small, discreet, and easy to wear, making them suitable for children. Some devices, like the Senseonics Eversense, feature long-lasting implantable sensors that reduce the need for frequent sensor changes. However, despite these advantages, there are still some challenges to consider, such as the need for regular CGM sensor replacements, charging the transmitter and display device, and addressing any skin irritation caused by the adhesive. With proper education and support from healthcare providers, these challenges can be easily managed, allowing children and their families to benefit from CGM technology fully. Do we still have to do fingerstick checks while using a CGM? While continuous glucose monitoring significantly reduces the need for fingerstick checks, they are not entirely eliminated. CGM devices measure glucose levels in the interstitial fluid, which can lag behind blood glucose levels by 5-10 minutes. Fingerstick checks are still necessary for calibrating the CGM sensor and confirming readings, especially during rapid glucose changes or when CGM readings seem inconsistent. For example, if a child's CGM device alerts them to a low glucose level, a fingerstick check can provide an immediate and accurate blood glucose measurement. This helps determine if treatment, such as consuming fast-acting carbohydrates, is necessary. Additionally, some clinical situations, like illness or questionable CGM readings, may require extra fingerstick checks to ensure the CGM sensor is functioning properly and providing reliable data. Can people without diabetes use a CGM? Continuous glucose monitoring is specifically designed for individuals with diabetes, particularly those with type 1 diabetes and some with type 2 diabetes who require intensive glucose management. There is no established medical need or benefit for people without diabetes to use a CGM device. The technology is tailored to help manage and control blood glucose levels, which is not a concern for individuals without diabetes. What are the advantages of using a CGM to manage diabetes? Using a continuous glucose monitoring system offers several significant advantages in managing pediatric diabetes: Improved Glucose Control: CGM devices provide a continuous stream of glucose readings, helping children and their caregivers identify patterns and trends. This leads to better diabetes management and can lower HbA1c levels, particularly when used consistently (at least 6 days a week). For instance, if a child's CGM sensor reveals consistently high glucose levels after meals, adjustments can be made to insulin dosing or meal planning. Reduced Risk of Hypoglycemia: CGM alerts users and their caregivers to impending hypoglycemic episodes through customisable alarms and notifications, allowing for timely intervention. This feature is particularly beneficial for young children who may not recognize or communicate their symptoms. A study found that CGM use reduced the time spent in hypoglycemia by 48% compared to fingerstick monitoring alone. Enhanced Parental Comfort and Sleep: For parents, CGM devices offer peace of mind by providing real-time glucose data, reducing the need for overnight fingerstick checks and improving sleep quality. Remote monitoring capabilities also make it easier for other caregivers to be involved in diabetes management. Imagine being able to check your child's glucose levels from your smartphone, even when they're at school or with friends. Increased Awareness and Understanding: Continuous glucose monitoring helps children and their caregivers understand how different activities, foods, and times of day affect glucose levels. This information can be used to modify diabetes management routines and make more informed decisions about insulin dosing, diet, and physical activity. For example, if a child's CGM sensor shows a consistent glucose spike after soccer practice, adjustments can be made to pre-exercise snacks or insulin. Integration with Insulin Therapy: CGM devices can be used with insulin pumps as part of sensor-augmented pump (SAP) therapy or with multiple daily injections, enhancing the effectiveness of insulin treatment. Some systems include features like low glucose suspend, which can halt insulin delivery when glucose levels drop to a preset threshold. Studies have shown that SAP therapy with CGM improves glycemic control and reduces hypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes. Do we need a CGM to manage diabetes? While a CGM is highly beneficial for managing diabetes, it is not a necessity for all patients. Traditional self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) can still be effective, especially for those who do not have access to CGM technology due to various barriers such as cost, health system limitations, or socioeconomic disparities. However, for many patients, particularly children with type 1 diabetes, CGM devices can offer significant improvements in glycemic control, reduction in hypoglycemia, and enhanced quality of life. What are the limitations of CGMs? While continuous glucose monitoring offers numerous benefits, it's important to be aware of its limitations: Calibration Requirements: CGM devices need periodic calibration with fingerstick blood glucose measurements to ensure accuracy. This can be inconvenient and may not always align perfectly with blood glucose levels, especially during rapid changes. Sensor Duration: The CGM sensors used have a limited lifespan, typically ranging from 3 to 14 days, depending on the manufacturer. This requires regular replacements and can be a logistical challenge. Cost and Accessibility: CGM technology can be expensive and may not be accessible to all patients due to socioeconomic disparities, insurance coverage issues, or geographic barriers to healthcare services. What are the drawbacks of CGMs? In addition to the limitations mentioned above, there are some potential drawbacks to using a CGM device: Skin Irritation: Some children may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to the adhesive used to attach the CGM sensor. This can cause discomfort, redness, or itching at the insertion site. Data Overload: The continuous stream of glucose data provided by CGM devices can sometimes feel overwhelming for children and their caregivers. It's important to work with your healthcare team to set realistic expectations and develop a plan for using the information effectively. False Alarms: While CGM alarms are designed to alert users to high or low glucose levels, false alarms can occur. This can be disruptive, especially at night, and may lead to alarm fatigue over time. When to see a doctor? If you're considering continuous glucose monitoring for your child, it's important to discuss the option with your pediatric endocrinologist. Additionally, if your child is experiencing frequent hypoglycemic episodes, difficulty managing glucose levels, or other diabetes-related concerns, it's crucial to consult with your healthcare team. They can review your child's CGM data, make adjustments to their diabetes management plan, and provide ongoing support. Can you get a CGM without a doctor? CGM devices require a prescription from a healthcare provider. They are not available for purchase over the counter, as they are considered medical devices that require proper training and guidance for use. Your child's pediatric endocrinologist or diabetes care team will work with you to prescribe an appropriate CGM system and provide education on how to use it effectively. Conclusion Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) has revolutionised pediatric diabetes management by providing real-time, actionable data on glucose levels. By understanding what CGM is, how CGM sensors work, and the benefits of using CGM devices, children with diabetes and their caregivers can make informed decisions to optimize glycemic control and improve overall quality of life. At Metropolis Healthcare, we understand the importance of accurate and timely diagnostic information in managing chronic conditions like diabetes. Our team of skilled phlebotomists provide convenient at-home blood collection services, ensuring your child's samples are processed in our state-of-the-art laboratories. With our user-friendly Metropolis TruHealth app, you can easily access your child's test reports and track their progress over time.

What is dermatitis herpetiformis? Dermatitis herpetiformis is a chronic autoimmune skin condition marked by intensely itchy, clustered bumps and blisters, often found on areas like the elbows, knees, back, and buttocks. It’s commonly associated with celiac disease, as both conditions result from an immune response to gluten, a protein present in wheat, barley, and rye. Dermatitis herpetiformis symptoms include severe itching, burning sensations, and the appearance of red, raised patches that may eventually form small, fluid-filled blisters. Although related to celiac disease, DH can occur even without noticeable gastrointestinal symptoms. Dermatitis herpetiformis treatment usually involves a gluten-free diet, and in some cases, medication may be prescribed to manage skin symptoms. Is dermatitis herpetiformis caused by the herpes virus? Despite its name, dermatitis herpetiformis is not caused by the herpes virus. The term "herpetiformis" refers to the herpes-like appearance of the skin lesions, but the condition itself is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten sensitivity, not a viral infection. Who does dermatitis herpetiformis affect? Dermatitis herpetiformis can affect people of all ages but is most commonly seen in adults, especially those of northern European descent. Dermatitis herpetiformis causes include an autoimmune response to gluten, making the condition more likely in individuals with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity. While it’s rare in children and people of African or Asian descent, both men and women can develop dermatitis herpetiformis, with a slightly higher prevalence observed in men. Due to its association with gluten intolerance, individuals with dermatitis herpetiformis must often adhere to a strict gluten-free diet to manage symptoms and prevent flare-ups. How common is dermatitis herpetiformis? Studies estimate that dermatitis herpetiformis affects: 10% to 25% of people diagnosed with celiac disease 0.4 to 2.6 per 100,000 people in the United States annually What are the symptoms of dermatitis herpetiformis? Dermatitis herpetiformis symptoms include intensely itchy bumps or blisters that often appear in symmetrical clusters. These rashes commonly develop on areas like the elbows, knees, back, and buttocks, and sometimes on the scalp, face, or groin. A burning or stinging sensation often precedes the rash, making the itch even more uncomfortable. Due to persistent scratching, affected areas may develop skin erosions or scabs. Dermatitis herpetiformis symptoms can vary in severity, but the intense itching and rash clusters are key indicators, requiring medical attention for accurate diagnosis and treatment, typically involving a gluten-free diet and medications for relief. What does dermatitis herpetiformis look like on the skin? The rash associated with dermatitis herpetiformis typically appears as a cluster of itchy bumps on discoloured skin patches. These bumps can be darker than the natural skin tone or appear red to purple. Fluid-filled blisters may also form, which can be scratched off due to intense itching, leaving behind erosions and excoriations. Where will we have skin symptoms of dermatitis herpetiformis? The skin symptoms of dermatitis herpetiformis commonly occur on the: Elbows Knees Back Buttocks Scalp In some cases, the face and groin Can dermatitis herpetiformis cause hair loss? While dermatitis herpetiformis itself does not directly cause hair loss, hair loss can occur if the underlying condition is celiac disease. Some people with celiac disease may experience hair loss as a symptom. What causes dermatitis herpetiformis? Dermatitis herpetiformis causes occur when the immune system reacts to gluten, leading to the deposition of immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies in the skin. This immune response triggers inflammation, resulting in the formation of itchy, blistering skin lesions. The condition is closely linked to celiac disease, a disorder in which gluten causes damage to the small intestine. People with gluten-sensitive enteropathy may also develop dermatitis herpetiformis, as both conditions are triggered by the body’s immune reaction to gluten. Is dermatitis herpetiformis contagious? No, dermatitis herpetiformis is not contagious. It is an autoimmune condition triggered by gluten sensitivity and is not caused by a virus or bacteria that can spread from person to person. How is dermatitis herpetiformis diagnosed? Dermatitis herpetiformis is diagnosed through a combination of clinical examination and laboratory tests. The primary method involves a skin biopsy to check for granular IgA deposits in the upper dermis, which is a hallmark of the condition. Direct immunofluorescence of clinically normal skin adjacent to the lesion is also used. Blood tests are performed to detect antibodies such as anti-endomysial, anti-tissue transglutaminase, and sometimes epidermal transglutaminase antibodies. Additionally, if gastrointestinal symptoms are present, a biopsy of the small intestine may be recommended to check for damage related to celiac disease, which is often associated with dermatitis herpetiformis. Can dermatitis herpetiformis be misdiagnosed? Yes, dermatitis herpetiformis can be misdiagnosed due to its resemblance to other skin conditions such as eczema, herpes, scabies, and hives. Accurate diagnosis requires specific tests, including a skin biopsy and blood tests for antibodies. Will we get another disease in addition to dermatitis herpetiformis? People with dermatitis herpetiformis are at a higher risk of developing other autoimmune diseases, such as: Autoimmune thyroid disease Type 1 diabetes Lupus There is also an increased risk of certain cancers, particularly lymphomas of the intestines. Can we have dermatitis herpetiformis without celiac disease? Approximately 10-25% of people with celiac disease develop dermatitis herpetiformis, but not everyone with dermatitis herpetiformis will exhibit gastrointestinal symptoms of celiac disease. However, even if you don't have digestive issues, it's essential to get tested for celiac disease if you have dermatitis herpetiformis, as untreated celiac can lead to serious health complications. How is dermatitis herpetiformis treated? The primary dermatitis herpetiformis treatment involves a strict gluten-free diet and medication to manage symptoms. This includes: Eliminating all sources of gluten from your diet, such as wheat, barley, rye, and any products containing these grains or their derivatives. The primary medication for dermatitis herpetiformis, which helps alleviate itching and rash within 1-3 days. Regular blood work is necessary to monitor for side effects like anaemia. How does a gluten-free diet help treat dermatitis herpetiformis? A gluten-free diet is the cornerstone of any dermatitis herpetiformis treatment plan. By eliminating gluten, the immune system no longer reacts abnormally, which can help ease inflammation and helps reduce symptoms like rash and itching. Which can ease inflammation and help alleviate dermatitis herpetiformis symptoms like rash and itching. While improvements may take several months to become noticeable, full benefits may take up to two years to fully manifest. A strict gluten-free diet not only helps improve skin symptoms but also reduces the risk of long-term complications, like those which are associated with an untreated dermatitis herpetiformis and celiac disease, including small-bowel lymphoma. Adhering to this diet is vital for effectively managing the condition and promoting overall health. Can we treat dermatitis herpetiformis at home? While following a gluten-free diet is a key part of managing dermatitis herpetiformis at home, it's essential to work closely with your healthcare provider to get proper treatment and monitoring. Certain medications require a prescription and regular check-ups to manage potential side effects. Don't attempt to self-diagnose or self-treat dermatitis herpetiformis without consulting a medical professional. Are there side effects of the treatment? Yes, dermatitis herpetiformis treatment can have side effects. Common side effects of some medications include anemia (which requires regular blood tests), headaches, dizziness, and liver damage. Although less commonly used, other medications may also cause side effects. How soon after treatment will we feel better? You may notice improvements in itching and rash within 1-3 days of starting treatment. However, complete resolution of the rash can take several months to 2 years on a strict gluten-free diet. Be patient and consistent with your treatment plan, and work closely with your healthcare team to manage your symptoms. How can I prevent dermatitis herpetiformis? If you have a known gluten sensitivity or celiac disease, avoiding gluten is the best way to prevent dermatitis herpetiformis flare-ups. What can we expect if I have dermatitis herpetiformis? If you have dermatitis herpetiformis, you'll need to commit to a lifelong gluten-free diet to manage your condition effectively. With proper treatment, most people see significant improvements in their symptoms. However, having dermatitis herpetiformis increases your risk of other autoimmune diseases, such as thyroid disorders, pernicious anaemia, and diabetes. Regular check-ups with your healthcare provider are crucial to monitor for these conditions and adjust your treatment plan as needed. Should we see a specialist? Yes, if you suspect you have dermatitis herpetiformis, it's essential to see a specialist. Start by consulting a dermatologist, who may refer you to a gastroenterologist if celiac disease is suspected. Is there a cure for dermatitis herpetiformis? Currently, there is no cure for dermatitis herpetiformis, but the condition can be effectively managed with a strict gluten-free diet and medication. By adhering to your treatment plan and working closely with your healthcare team, you can minimise symptoms, reduce the risk of complications, and maintain a good quality of life. When to see a doctor? If you notice an intensely itchy, blistering rash that doesn't improve with over-the-counter treatments, schedule an appointment with your doctor or a dermatologist. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing dermatitis herpetiformis and preventing complications related to untreated celiac disease. Conclusion Living with dermatitis herpetiformis can be challenging, but with the right knowledge and support, you can effectively manage your symptoms and improve your overall health. At Metropolis Healthcare, we understand the importance of an accurate diagnosis in managing conditions like dermatitis herpetiformis. Our team of expert pathologists and state-of-the-art diagnostic labs are committed to providing reliable test results to help you and your doctor make informed decisions about your health. With convenient at-home sample collection and online report access, prioritizing your well-being has never been easier.

What is epispadias? Epispadias is a congenital anomaly characterised by the incomplete development of the urethra. In this condition, the urethra does not form into a full tube, causing urine to exit the body from an abnormal location. Epispadias is an extremely rare condition, occurring in approximately 1 in 117,000 newborn boys and 1 in 484,000 newborn girls. What is bladder exstrophy? Bladder exstrophy is another rare birth defect that is often associated with epispadias. In this condition, the bladder is open through the wall of the abdomen. Nearly all boys with bladder exstrophy also have epispadias, and most girls with exstrophy have epispadias as well. How does epispadias affect males? In boys with epispadias, the urethra typically opens on the top or side of the penis rather than at the tip. The penis may appear short and wide, with an abnormal curvature known as chordee. Some common epispadias symptoms in males include: Irregular spraying of urine Frequent urine leakage, especially when coughing, laughing, or sneezing Recurrent urinary tract infections What are the types of epispadias in males? The classification of epispadias types in males is based on the position of the urethral opening: Glanular Epispadias: The urethral opening is located on the glans (tip) of the penis, which is the mildest form. Penile Epispadias: Here, the urethra opens along the shaft of the penis, a more moderate form. Penopubic Epispadias: The urethra opens near the pubic bone, often associated with more severe urinary control issues. These epispadias types vary in severity, with the location of the urethral opening impacting the bladder's ability to store urine effectively (continence). In more severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to restore function and improve quality of life. How does epispadias affect females? In females, epispadias usually involves an abnormal clitoris and labia. An urethral opening is typically located between the clitoris and labia, though it can also be positioned in the lower abdomen. Female epispadias symptoms may include: Difficulty controlling urination (urinary incontinence) Frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs) Urine flowing backwards into the kidneys (reflux nephropathy) What is epispadias vs. hypospadias? While both epispadias and hypospadias are congenital anomalies affecting the urethra, they differ in the location of the urethral opening: In epispadias, the urethra opens on the top or side of the penis (in males) or between the clitoris and labia (in females). In hypospadias, the urethra opens on the underside of the penis (in males) or in an abnormal location in the perineal area (in females). Hypospadias is more common, while epispadias is rarer and often associated with more severe genitourinary anomalies. How common is epispadias? Epispadias is an extremely rare condition, occurring in approximately: 1 in 117,000 newborn boys 1 in 484,000 newborn girls What causes epispadias? The exact epispadias causes are not fully understood, but several factors are believed to contribute to its development: Improper development of the pubic bone Hormonal malfunctions during fetal development Genetic, developmental, and environmental factors Embryological disturbances involving the cloacal membrane What are the symptoms of epispadias? The epispadias symptoms can vary depending on the sex of the child and the severity of the condition. Some common symptoms include: In males: Abnormal urethral opening on the top or side of the penis Irregular spraying of urine Short and wide penis with curvature (chordee) Frequent urine leakage Recurrent urinary tract infections In females: Abnormal appearance of the clitoris and labia Urinary incontinence Frequent urinary tract infections In both sexes: Backwards flow of urine into the kidney (reflux nephropathy) Widened pubic bone Difficulty controlling urination How is epispadias diagnosed? Epispadias is typically diagnosed at birth or shortly thereafter through a physical examination of the child's genital and urinary systems. Further diagnostic tests may include: Blood tests to evaluate electrolyte levels Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) to visualize the kidneys, bladder, and ureters Ultrasound of the urogenital system MRI and CT scans, depending on the specific presentation of the condition What tests will our baby need for epispadias? If your baby is diagnosed with epispadias, several tests may be conducted to assess their condition and plan the appropriate epispadias treatment. These tests may include: Blood tests to evaluate kidney function Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) to visualize the kidneys, bladder, and ureters Ultrasound of the urinary system and genitals Pelvic X-ray MRI and CT scans, if necessary Is epispadias diagnosed during pregnancy? Epispadias is rarely diagnosed during pregnancy, as it is not easily detectable on routine prenatal ultrasounds. In some cases, associated anomalies like bladder exstrophy may be seen on detailed ultrasounds, raising suspicion for epispadias. A definitive diagnosis is typically confirmed after the baby is born. How is epispadias treated? The primary epispadias treatment is surgical correction, which aims to reconstruct the urethra, reposition the urethral opening, and improve the appearance and function of the genitals. The specific surgical approach depends on the type and severity of epispadias, as well as the sex of the child. What is the goal of epispadias surgery for boys? The main goals of epispadias surgery for boys are to: Reconstruct the urethra to allow for normal urination Correct any curvature of the penis (chordee) Improve the cosmetic appearance of the penis Preserve sexual function and fertility What are the types of epispadias surgery for boys? The main types of epispadias surgery for boys include: Cantwell-Ransley repair: This involves creating a new urethra using tissue from the existing urethra and skin from the penis. Mitchell repair: This technique uses the inner lining of the bladder to create a new urethra and reconstruct the penis. Your paediatric urologist will determine the best surgical approach based on your son's specific anatomy and needs. What are epispadias surgery options for girls? Epispadias surgery options for girls focus on: Reconstructing the urethra and repositioning the urethral opening to its correct location Correcting abnormalities of the clitoris and labia for proper genital structure Improving urinary continence, helping the bladder retain urine effectively The surgical approach depends on the condition’s severity and may involve using tissue from surrounding areas to reconstruct the urethra and genitalia. These procedures are tailored to each individual to achieve both functional and aesthetic outcomes, enhancing urinary control and overall well-being. How long will it take to recover from epispadias surgery? The recovery time after epispadias surgery varies depending on the type and extent of the procedure. In general, children may need to stay in the hospital for several days to a week following surgery. Full recovery may take several weeks to a few months. Can I prevent epispadias? As epispadias is a congenital condition that develops during foetal development, there is no known way to prevent it from occurring. What is the outlook for children with epispadias? With proper epispadias treatment and follow-up care, most children with this condition can achieve good outcomes and lead normal, healthy lives. However, some children may experience ongoing issues with urinary incontinence, recurrent urinary tract infections, or sexual dysfunction later in life. Regular follow-up with a urologist and other specialists is essential. Are there complications from epispadias surgery? As with any surgical procedure, there are potential risks and complications associated with epispadias surgery. These may include: Bleeding Infection Urethral strictures (narrowing of the reconstructed urethra) Urinary incontinence Fistula formation (abnormal opening between the urethra and skin) Need for additional surgeries How can we best take care of our baby? Caring for a baby with epispadias involves attending follow-up appointments, following post-operative care, monitoring for infection signs, encouraging healthy habits, and seeking support from family and support groups. When to see a doctor? If you suspect that your baby may have epispadias or any other congenital urological condition, it is essential to consult your paediatrician or urologist promptly. Additionally, if your child is experiencing any concerning epispadias symptoms, contact a healthcare provider immediately. Does epispadias surgery affect erectile function? In most cases, epispadias treatment does not negatively impact erectile function. Does epispadias affect fertility? Most males with epispadias who undergo successful surgical correction can maintain normal fertility. However, in some cases, the condition may be associated with abnormalities of the testicles or spermatic ducts, which could impact fertility. Regular follow-up with a urologist can help monitor fertility and address any potential issues. If our child had epispadias, are they at higher risk for urinary tract infections? Children with a history of epispadias may be at an increased risk for recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly if they experience ongoing urinary incontinence or have anatomical abnormalities. Can a baby boy with epispadias have a circumcision? In most cases, circumcision is not recommended for baby boys with epispadias, as the foreskin may be needed for future reconstructive surgery. Consult your child's urologist for personalized guidance. Conclusion In conclusion, successfully managing epispadias requires an early diagnosis, consistent medical care, and personalized treatment tailored as per each child's needs. Metropolis Healthcare offers comprehensive diagnostic services and convenient at-home support, ensuring families can easily access the necessary tests and care. By prioritizing an early detection and timely intervention, parents can significantly improve their child’s health and developmental outcomes.

What is diverticulosis? Diverticulosis is a condition where small pouches, known as diverticula, form in the lining of the digestive system, primarily in the colon. These pouches develop when weak spots in the colon wall bulge outward, often as a result of increased pressure within the colon. Diverticulosis causes are more common with age, affecting about half of people over 60. Most individuals with diverticulosis do not experience symptoms, and the condition is often found incidentally during routine medical tests. However, when diverticulosis symptoms do occur, they may include mild cramping, bloating, or changes in bowel habits. While diverticulosis itself is generally not harmful, complications can arise if the diverticula become infected or inflamed, leading to a condition called diverticulitis. Maintaining a high-fiber diet and staying hydrated can help manage the condition and prevent complications. What is the difference: diverticulosis vs. diverticulitis? It's important to distinguish between diverticulosis and diverticulitis. Diverticulosis simply means you have diverticula present, but they are not inflamed or infected. On the other hand, diverticulitis occurs when one or more of the diverticula become inflamed or infected. Diverticulitis can cause severe symptoms and lead to serious complications if left untreated. Is diverticulosis a serious condition? In most cases, diverticulosis does not cause any troublesome symptoms or health problems. Many people with diverticulosis are unaware that they have the condition. However, diverticulosis can lead to several complications, such as diverticulitis, diverticular bleeding, intestinal obstruction, and even perforation of the colon in severe cases. Therefore, it's essential to be aware of the potential risks and seek medical advice if you experience any concerning symptoms. How common is diverticulosis? Diverticulosis is quite common, particularly in Western countries. In the United States, it's estimated that around 35% of adults under 50 have diverticulosis, with the prevalence rising to 58% in those over 60. The risk of developing diverticulosis symptoms increases with age, with older individuals being more likely to develop the condition. Additionally, some studies suggest that genetics can play a role in a person’s likelihood of developing diverticulosis, indicating that family history may influence the risk. Lifestyle factors, such as diet and physical activity, also contribute to its development. What are the symptoms of diverticulosis? Diverticulosis often doesn’t cause symptoms, and many people with the condition are unaware they have it. However, when diverticulosis symptoms do occur, they may include: Abdominal cramps or pain, typically in the lower left side of the abdomen Bloating and a feeling of fullness Constipation or diarrhea, with alternating bowel movements Mucus or blood in the stool, which can be alarming Diverticulosis symptoms can resemble other digestive disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), making it important to get an accurate diagnosis. In some cases, diverticulosis can lead to more serious complications like diverticulitis, where the pouches become inflamed or infected. Symptoms of diverticulitis include severe abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and vomiting. If you experience any of these more severe symptoms, it’s crucial to seek medical attention immediately. Regular check-ups and consultations with your doctor can help manage symptoms and build a comprehensive diverticulosis treatment plan. What are the causes of diverticulosis? The exact diverticulosis causes are not known, but several factors are believed to contribute to the development of diverticula: Low-fiber diet: A diet lacking in fiber can lead to hard stools and increased pressure within the colon, which may cause diverticula to form. Age-related changes: As we age, the colon wall can become weaker, making it easier for diverticula to develop. Genetics: Having a family history of diverticulosis may increase your risk. Lifestyle factors: Lack of exercise, obesity, and smoking are associated with a higher likelihood of developing diverticulosis. What are the risk factors involved? Several factors can increase your risk of developing diverticulosis causes: Age: The risk increases as you get older, with the highest incidence among those over 60. Diet: A low-fibre diet that is high in red meat and fat may increase your risk. Obesity: Being significantly overweight puts extra pressure on the colon walls. Smoking: Nicotine and other chemicals in cigarettes can weaken the colon lining. Certain medications: Long-term use of steroids, opiates, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may increase the risk. How is diverticulosis diagnosed? Diverticulosis is often discovered incidentally during routine screening exams or tests performed for other reasons. To diagnose diverticulosis, your doctor may recommend one or more of the following: Medical history and physical exam Blood tests to check for signs of infection or anemia Stool tests to rule out other causes of your symptoms Imaging tests such as a CT scan or barium enema X-ray Colonoscopy to visually examine the inside of your colon What tests will be done to diagnose this condition? Diverticulosis treatment would follow after a positive diagnosis, which includes the following tests: Colonoscopy: This is the most common test used to diagnose diverticulosis. It allows your doctor to see the inside of your entire colon using a thin, flexible tube with a camera on the end. During the procedure, your doctor can also take tissue samples (biopsy) if needed. CT scan: A CT scan uses X-rays and computer technology to create detailed images of your abdomen and pelvis. This test can help confirm the presence of diverticulosis and rule out other conditions. Barium enema X-ray: This test involves inserting a liquid containing barium into your rectum, which coats the lining of your colon and makes the diverticula more visible on X-rays. Blood tests: While blood tests cannot diagnose diverticulosis, they can check for signs of infection, inflammation, or anaemia, which may indicate a complication. What treatment is available for diverticulosis? In most cases, diverticulosis does not require specific treatment if you are not experiencing bothersome symptoms. However, your doctor may recommend some lifestyle changes for diverticulosis prevention: Eat a high-fibre diet rich in whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables. Drink plenty of fluids to help prevent constipation. Exercise regularly to promote normal bowel function. Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. If you do experience symptoms, over-the-counter pain relievers and anti-spasmodic medications may help. In cases of diverticulitis, antibiotics and a temporary low-fiber or liquid diet may be necessary. Surgery is rarely needed unless you develop severe complications. How to prevent diverticulosis? While there is no guaranteed way for diverticulosis prevention, you can take steps to lower your risk: Aim for 25-35 grams of fibre per day from whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables. Drink plenty of water and other fluids to keep stools soft and easy to pass. Physical activity helps promote regular bowel movements and maintain a healthy weight. Smoking increases the risk of diverticulosis and other digestive disorders. A diet high in red meat, especially processed meats, is associated with a higher risk of diverticulosis. What can we expect if we have diverticulosis? If you have been diagnosed with diverticulosis, it's important to know that the condition is usually manageable. Most people with diverticulosis do not experience any symptoms or complications. However, adopting a healthy lifestyle is crucial for lowering the risk of developing diverticulitis or other related complications. Is diverticulosis reversible? Unfortunately, diverticulosis is not reversible once the diverticula have formed. The pouches are permanent, but you can take steps to prevent them from becoming inflamed or infected. How do we take care of ourselves while living with diverticulosis? If you have been diagnosed with diverticulosis, there are several things you can do to manage the condition and prevent complications: Follow a high-fibre diet: Gradually increase your intake of fibre-rich foods like whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes. Aim for at least 25-35 grams of fibre per day. Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water and other fluids to keep your stools soft and prevent constipation. Exercise regularly: Engage in physical activity most days of the week to maintain a healthy weight, promote regular bowel movements, and reduce stress. Avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption: Both smoking and excessive alcohol intake can irritate the digestive system and increase the risk of complications. Does diverticulosis occur outside of the colon? While diverticulosis most commonly affects the colon (large intestine), it can occur in other parts of the digestive tract, such as the small intestine or oesophagus. However, these locations are much less common. Diverticula in the small intestine, also known as Meckel's diverticula, are usually congenital (present at birth) and may not cause any symptoms. Esophageal diverticula are rare and can cause difficulty swallowing or regurgitation of food. Conclusion Diverticulosis is a common digestive condition that affects many people, particularly as they age. If you are experiencing symptoms or have concerns about your digestive health, don't hesitate to consult with your healthcare provider. At Metropolis Healthcare, we understand the importance of digestive health and are committed to providing comprehensive diagnostic services to help you stay informed and proactive about your well-being. Our team of skilled professionals and state-of-the-art facilities ensure accurate and reliable results, empowering you to make informed decisions about your health. Take charge of your digestive health today by scheduling a consultation or exploring our range of health check-up packages tailored to your needs.

What does it mean to have crystals in your urine? Having crystals in urine means that minerals or chemicals have solidified within the urinary tract. This can result from factors like dehydration, a high-protein diet, or excessive vitamin C intake. However, crystals in urine may also indicate underlying health issues, such as kidney stones, urinary tract infections (UTIs), gout, or metabolic disorders. Crystals in urine treatment typically involves increasing fluid intake, dietary changes, or medication to dissolve crystals and prevent recurrence, especially in cases linked to kidney or metabolic issues. What are the common types of crystals found in urine? Several crystals in urine types can be identified, each associated with different dietary, metabolic, or health conditions: Uric Acid Crystals: Orange-brown or yellow, typically found in acidic urine, and associated with high-protein diets, gout, or chemotherapy. Calcium Oxalate Crystals: Colourless and shaped like envelopes or dumbbells. They can appear in healthy urine but are also linked to kidney stones. Struvite Crystals: Caused by UTIs or incomplete bladder emptying, composed of phosphate, ammonium, magnesium, and calcium. Cystine Crystals: Rare and linked to the genetic disorder cystinuria, these are larger and distinctive among crystals in urine types. Ammonium Biurate Crystals: Brown, spiky spheres that typically appear in alkaline urine or poorly preserved samples. Who gets crystals in their urine? Anyone can develop crystals in urine, but certain groups are at higher risk: People who are dehydrated or have low fluid intake Those consuming high-protein or high-salt diets Individuals with gout, kidney stones, or metabolic disorders Patients on certain medications Those with genetic disorders like cystinuria or primary hyperoxaluria How does having crystals in our urine affect our body? The impact of crystals in urine depends on their type and quantity: Small crystals may not cause symptoms and can pass out of the body without issues. Large crystals or stones can cause severe pain in the abdomen, flank, or groin, nausea, difficulty urinating, and blood in the urine. Untreated stones may lead to ureter blockage, kidney and bladder damage, kidney infections, and UTIs. What are the signs and symptoms of crystals in urine? Crystals in urine symptoms may not always be noticeable, especially for small crystals. However, when symptoms do occur, they can include: Lower back pain Nausea Difficulty urinating Abdominal pain Changes in urine colour Fever Blood in the urine Frequent urination Cloudy urine What causes crystals in urine? Several factors can contribute to crystals in urine causes: Dehydration: Low fluid intake can increase mineral concentration in urine, leading to crystal formation. High-Protein Diet: Excessive protein can overload the kidneys, causing higher concentrations of certain substances and crystal formation. Medications: Some medications can cause the buildup and formation of crystals. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Bacteria in the urinary tract can change the pH and facilitate certain crystal formation. Genetic Disorders: Conditions like cystinuria and primary hyperoxaluria raise the risk of crystal formation. Metabolic Disorders: Gout, diabetes, and liver disease can also lead to crystals in urine. Is having crystals in your urine contagious? No, having crystals in urine is not contagious. It's typically related to individual health conditions, dietary habits, hydration levels, or genetic factors. What tests will be done to diagnose crystals in your urine? Diagnosing crystals in urine usually starts with a urinalysis, which includes: Visual examination of urine colour and cloudiness Dipstick test to check for various components Microscopic examination to identify crystal types, blood cells, bacteria, etc. Additional tests may be ordered based on the findings and suspected underlying causes, like a 24-hour urine collection, blood tests, and imaging tests. How do you treat crystals in your urine? Crystals in urine treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity: Increasing fluid intake to flush out crystals and prevent stone formation Treating UTIs with antibiotics Dietary changes to reduce intake of stone-forming substances Medications to control uric acid levels, prevent crystal formation or dissolve certain types of stones Surgical procedures to remove large stones or repair structural issues Your healthcare provider will recommend the most appropriate crystals in urine treatment plan based on your specific condition. How can you reduce your risk of having crystals in your urine? You can lower your risk of developing crystals in urine by: Staying well-hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to dilute minerals in the urine. Eating a balanced diet: Focus on fruits, vegetables, and whole grains to support kidney health. Limiting high-purine foods: If prone to uric acid crystals, reduce red meat, shellfish, and organ meats. Maintaining a healthy weight: Helps prevent metabolic issues that can lead to crystals. Managing underlying health conditions: Address conditions like gout, diabetes, or UTIs. Following medical advice: Work with your doctor for genetic disorders related to crystals in urine types. What can we expect if we have this condition? The outlook for individuals with crystals in urine depends on the underlying cause and adherence to treatment. In most cases, making lifestyle changes and following your healthcare provider's advice can help manage the condition effectively. Regular follow-ups and monitoring may be necessary to prevent complications and recurrence. When to see a doctor? Consult your doctor if you experience any crystals in urine symptoms like: Persistent pain in the abdomen, back, or sides Blood in the urine Difficulty urinating Frequent UTIs Family history of kidney stones or genetic disorders Prompt diagnosis and treatment can help prevent serious complications and improve your overall health. Conclusion While finding crystals in urine can be worrying, understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options can help you take control of your health. By staying hydrated, maintaining a balanced diet, and consulting with your healthcare provider, you can effectively manage this condition and prevent potential complications. If you suspect you may have crystals in urine, consider reaching out to Metropolis Healthcare for accurate diagnostic testing and personalized care. With a network of advanced labs across India and convenient at-home sample collection services, Metropolis is committed to delivering reliable results and supporting you in your journey towards better health.

What is a cryptic pregnancy? A cryptic pregnancy is when a woman is unaware that she is pregnant, often until the third trimester or even until she goes into labour. Unlike a concealed pregnancy where the woman knows she is pregnant but hides it, in a cryptic pregnancy the woman truly does not realise she is expecting a baby. The term "cryptic" means hidden or obscure. In a cryptic pregnancy, the usual physical signs of pregnancy like a growing belly, morning sickness, and missed periods may be absent, minimal, or misinterpreted. As a result, the pregnancy goes undetected for an extended period. Who is at risk for a cryptic pregnancy? While a cryptic pregnancy can happen to any woman, certain factors increase the likelihood: Young age, especially teenagers Irregular menstrual cycles or a history of missed periods Recent childbirth, breastfeeding, or perimenopause Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) which causes hormonal imbalances Certain medications like contraceptives that may mask pregnancy symptoms Extreme stress or major life changes History of infertility or being told conception is unlikely Mental health conditions like depression, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder Women with risk factors should be alert for subtle signs of pregnancy and take a test if in doubt. Regular check-ups can also help detect a cryptic pregnancy early. How common is a cryptic pregnancy? Cryptic pregnancies are relatively rare but not as uncommon as one might think. Studies estimate that: About 1 in 475 women are unaware of their pregnancy until 20 weeks gestation Around 1 in 2,500 women do not realise they are pregnant until they go into labour Approximately 1 in 7,225 pregnancies are discovered during delivery itself So while it's not an everyday occurrence, a few thousand cases likely occur each year. Increased awareness can help women recognise a cryptic pregnancy sooner. Will a cryptic pregnancy show on a pregnancy test? Pregnancy tests work by detecting the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in urine. However, in some cases of cryptic pregnancy, at-home urine tests may show a false negative result due to: Taking the test too early before hCG levels rise Very low hCG levels that don't meet the test's threshold Doing the test incorrectly or misinterpreting the results Hormonal imbalances that affect hCG production If a woman suspects she may be pregnant despite a negative test, it's best to repeat the test after a week or consult a doctor for a blood test which can detect pregnancy earlier and more accurately. Ultrasounds can also confirm a cryptic pregnancy. Do you get your period in a cryptic pregnancy? Most women do not get real menstrual periods during any pregnancy, including a cryptic one. However, some pregnant women may experience light bleeding or spotting that can be mistaken for a period. This is not a true menstrual bleed but rather occurs due to hormonal changes or minor complications. In a cryptic pregnancy, this bleeding may be interpreted as a sign that the woman is not pregnant. What causes a cryptic pregnancy? The exact cryptic pregnancy causes are not fully understood, but contributing factors include: Lack of visible pregnancy symptoms like nausea, breast changes and weight gain Continued light bleeding that resembles menstrual periods Hormonal imbalances that suppress usual pregnancy signs A tilted uterus that doesn't show a prominent baby bump Misinterpreting pregnancy symptoms as being due to stress, weight changes or medical conditions Denial of the possibility of pregnancy due to using birth control or being told conception is unlikely What are the signs of cryptic pregnancy? The challenge with cryptic pregnancy is that the usual symptoms may be very mild, absent, or not recognized as related to pregnancy. Common cryptic pregnancy symptoms include: missed or unusually light periods, tender and swollen breasts, morning nausea, fatigue, bloating, mild weight gain, increased urination, mood swings, and mild cramps or back pain. Since these symptoms can also be linked to other conditions, it's important not to dismiss them. If you suspect cryptic pregnancy symptoms, taking a pregnancy test is a good first step. Trust your instincts—if something feels different or off, consider testing, especially if you have risk factors for a cryptic pregnancy. How long does a cryptic pregnancy last? A cryptic pregnancy lasts as long as a regular pregnancy, about 40 weeks from the last menstrual period. However, since the pregnancy is not detected in the first trimester as usual, it may seem shorter. In some cases, a cryptic pregnancy is only discovered when the woman goes into labour unexpectedly. The baby is often born smaller or earlier than average since prenatal care was absent during the pregnancy. How is a cryptic pregnancy diagnosed? Diagnosing a cryptic pregnancy can be tricky since symptoms are often subtle or explained away. Doctors may suspect it when a woman reports: A negative pregnancy test but no period for several months Unusual symptoms like nausea, breast changes, and fatigue Foetal movement sensations in the belly Sudden, unexplained weight gain and a growing abdomen To confirm a cryptic pregnancy, doctors use: Sensitive blood tests that detect pregnancy hormones Abdominal or transvaginal ultrasounds that show the baby A physical exam to feel the size of the uterus and check for a foetal heartbeat How is a cryptic pregnancy treated? Cryptic pregnancy treatment focuses on ensuring the health and safety of the mother and baby. It often involves: Comprehensive prenatal care including check-ups, tests and ultrasounds Monitoring foetal growth and development Maternal nutrition and vitamin supplementation Modifying any unhealthy lifestyle factors like smoking or drinking Preparing for labour and delivery, often with extra monitoring Addressing any psychological factors like denial or depression While it's not ideal to start prenatal care late, it's vital to begin as soon as a cryptic pregnancy is diagnosed. With proper management, many women with a cryptic pregnancy can still have a healthy baby. Can we prevent cryptic pregnancy? While not all cryptic pregnancies can be prevented, women can reduce their risk by: Tracking menstrual cycles and taking a pregnancy test if a period is late Being aware of early pregnancy signs and symptoms Maintaining a healthy weight and managing conditions like PCOS Addressing any psychological factors that may lead to denial Seeing a doctor regularly, especially if pregnancy is a possibility Women who have had a cryptic pregnancy before or have risk factors should be extra vigilant about monitoring for signs of pregnancy. What are the complications of a cryptic pregnancy? A cryptic pregnancy can have risks for both mother and baby due to the lack of prenatal care and monitoring. Potential complications include: Premature birth or low birth weight Undiagnosed maternal health conditions like high blood pressure or diabetes Nutrient deficiencies that affect fetal development Birth defects due to missed prenatal screening and prevention Psychological distress for the mother due to the surprise pregnancy Lack of preparation for childbirth and parenting Greater risk of labour complications due to insufficient prenatal guidance Difficulty accessing timely medical interventions during delivery While not all cryptic pregnancies have poor outcomes, early detection and treatment are vital for reducing complications. Regular prenatal care makes a big difference in ensuring a healthier pregnancy and birth experience. Conclusion Knowing the signs and symptoms of pregnancy, even subtle ones can help identify a cryptic pregnancy sooner. If you think you may have a cryptic pregnancy, don't hesitate to reach out for medical support. Metropolis Healthcare offers comprehensive prenatal testing and monitoring to help you have a healthy pregnancy and baby, even if detected late. Their at-home blood tests can confirm a pregnancy, and their expert team can guide you through the next steps. Remember, knowledge is power when it comes to your reproductive health. Recognising a cryptic pregnancy and seeking prompt care can make all the difference.

What is Pleurisy? Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is the inflammation of the pleura, the double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the chest cavity. The pleura usually has a smooth, slippery surface, which allows the lungs to move smoothly during breathing. When the pleura become inflamed, they lose their smoothness, causing the layers to rub together, resulting in sharp chest pain, especially when breathing deeply or coughing. Pleurisy causes can be attributed to infections (bacterial or viral), autoimmune diseases, or other underlying conditions like pulmonary embolism or rib fractures. Pleurisy treatment depends on the underlying cause. How do we know if we have pleurisy? The hallmark symptom of pleurisy is a sharp, stabbing pain in the chest that intensifies with deep breathing, coughing, or sneezing. The pain may be localised to one area of the chest or radiate to the shoulders and back. Shortness of breath, cough, and fever are other common pleurisy symptoms. How do we get pleurisy? Pleurisy can develop due to various underlying causes. Some common pleurisy causes include: Viral infections like the flu Bacterial infections such as pneumonia Autoimmune disorders like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis Lung cancer Pulmonary embolism (blood clot in the lungs) Tuberculosis Chest trauma or rib fractures Who does pleurisy affect? While pleurisy can affect people of all ages, some individuals are at higher risk, including: Older adults over 65, who are more prone to lung infections People with weakened immune systems Those with underlying health conditions like pneumonia, tuberculosis, lupus, or lung cancer Individuals who smoke or have a history of smoking How serious is pleurisy? The severity of pleurisy depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, such as those caused by viral infections, pleurisy may resolve on its own within a few days to weeks. However, pleurisy resulting from serious conditions like bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, or lung cancer requires prompt medical attention and treatment to prevent complications. What are the symptoms of pleurisy? The most common pleurisy symptoms include: Sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing, coughing, or sneezing Shortness of breath Cough (dry or productive) Fever and chills Rapid, shallow breathing Pain in one or both shoulders Headaches Joint pain (in some cases) What causes pleurisy? Various factors can lead to pleurisy. Let's explore some of the main pleurisy causes in more detail: Infections: Viral infections like influenza, mumps, or cytomegalovirus Bacterial infections, most commonly pneumonia Fungal infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals Parasitic infections like amebiasis Autoimmune disorders: Lupus Rheumatoid arthritis Sarcoidosis Wegener's granulomatosis Cancers: Lung cancer Lymphoma Mesothelioma (cancer of the pleura) Metastatic cancers that have spread to the lungs Other causes: Pulmonary embolism Tuberculosis Chest trauma or rib fractures Certain medications Complications from medical procedures like heart surgery Is pleurisy contagious? Pleurisy itself is not contagious. However, some of the underlying infections that cause pleurisy, such as flu or tuberculosis, can spread from person to person. Is pleurisy linked to COVID-19? Some studies suggest that COVID-19 can cause pleurisy as part of its wide range of respiratory symptoms. If you have pleurisy symptoms and suspect COVID-19 exposure, it's crucial to self-isolate and contact your healthcare provider. How is pleurisy diagnosed? Pleurisy diagnosis involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests, and laboratory studies. Your doctor will listen to your lungs with a stethoscope to check for a rubbing sound (pleural friction rub) that indicates pleural inflammation. They will also assess your symptoms and risk factors. What tests will be done to diagnose pleurisy? To confirm a pleurisy diagnosis, your doctor may recommend the following tests: Chest X-ray: This imaging test can reveal pleural effusions (fluid buildup), lung infiltrates, or masses that may be causing pleurisy. CT scan: A CT scan provides more detailed images of the lungs and pleura, helping identify underlying conditions like pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, or tumours. Ultrasound: Pleural ultrasound can detect small amounts of pleural effusion and guide thoracentesis (fluid removal) if needed. Blood tests: Laboratory studies like complete blood count (CBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) can help identify infections or inflammation associated with pleurisy. Thoracentesis: In some cases, a sample of pleural fluid may be removed using a needle and sent for analysis to determine the cause of pleurisy, such as infection or cancer. Will a chest X-ray show pleurisy? A chest X-ray can often detect pleural effusions or lung abnormalities related to pleurisy. However, small amounts of pleural inflammation may not always be visible on an X-ray. in such cases, you may need a CT scan. How is pleurisy treated? Pleurisy treatment depends on the underlying cause. Some general treatment approaches include: Over-the-counter pain medications like ibuprofen can help manage chest pain and discomfort. If a bacterial infection is causing pleurisy, antibiotics will be prescribed to treat the infection. In cases of autoimmune-related pleurisy, corticosteroids may be used to reduce inflammation. If a large pleural effusion is present, fluid may need to be drained to relieve symptoms and prevent complications. Addressing the root cause of pleurisy, such as managing pneumonia, tuberculosis, or cancer, is crucial for effective treatment. How can we reduce our risk of pleurisy? While not all cases of pleurisy are preventable, you can take steps to lower your risk: Stay up to date with vaccinations Practice good hygiene, including frequent handwashing Manage underlying health conditions like autoimmune disorders or lung diseases Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke exposure Protect yourself from occupational hazards like asbestos What can we expect if we have pleurisy? The recovery time for pleurisy varies depending on the cause and severity. Most of the cases improve within a few days to weeks with appropriate treatment. However, some individuals may experience recurrent episodes of pleurisy, especially if an underlying chronic condition is present. Regular follow-up with your healthcare provider is essential to monitor your progress and prevent complications. Can pleurisy go away on its own? Mild cases of pleurisy, which are particularly those caused by viral infections, may resolve spontaneously without specific treatment. However, it's always best to consult a medical professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. Are there any complications of pleurisy? Untreated pleurisy can lead to pleural effusion, empyema (infection), or lung scarring, all of which can impair lung function. Can you get pleurisy more than once? Yes, recurrent episodes of pleurisy can occur, especially in individuals with underlying conditions like autoimmune disorders or chronic lung diseases. How do we take care of ourselves if we are at risk for pleurisy? If you have risk factors for pleurisy, it's crucial to: Manage underlying health conditions as directed by your doctor Avoid smoking and exposure to lung irritants Stay physically active and maintain a healthy weight Get recommended vaccinations Practice good self-care, including a balanced diet, adequate sleep, and stress management When to see a doctor? Seek medical attention if you experience: Chest pain that worsens with breathing Shortness of breath Persistent cough Fever and chills Unexplained weight loss Bloody or rust-coloured sputum Conclusion Pleurisy can be a concerning and painful condition, but understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatment options can empower you to take control of your lung health. If you suspect pleurisy, don't hesitate to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalized care plan. At Metropolis Healthcare, we offer comprehensive diagnostic services, including at-home sample collection, to help you get the answers and care you need. Our team of experienced phlebotomists and state-of-the-art laboratories ensure reliable results, while our user-friendly online portal and app make accessing your reports convenient.