Sjogren's Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatment, and Management Strategies

What is Sjogren's Syndrome?

It starts with a feeling of sand in your eyes or cotton in your mouth. These sensations may not be in the way at first, but may be a sign of immune disorder known as Sjogren's syndrome. The disease primarily affects the mucous membranes and moisture-producing glands of the eyes and mouth, resulting in reduced production of tears and saliva. As a result, dry eyes and dry mouth are the most common Sjogren's syndrome symptoms. Sjogren’s syndrome often coexists with other immune system diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Although Sjogren’s syndrome can affect people of any age, it is usually diagnosed in people over the age of 40 and is more common in women.

What are the types of Sjogren's Syndrome?

Sjogren's syndrome can present itself in two types:

• Primary Sjogren’s Syndrome: This occurs by itself without being associated with any other disease.
• Secondary Sjogren’s Syndrome: It occurs alongside another autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.

Understanding which type you have can help tailor Sjogren's syndrome treatment to manage your specific symptoms better.

How common is Sjogren’s Syndrome?

While it may not be as well-known as other medical conditions, Sjogren's syndrome is far from rare. According to estimates from the American College of Rheumatology, Sjogren's syndrome affects approximately 1-4 million people in the USA alone. Additionally, women account for 90% of diagnosed cases, making the disease much more common among women than men.

What are Sjogren’s Syndrome symptoms?

Besides dry eyes and mouth, Sjogren's syndrome can also cause other symptoms like:

• Joint pain, Swelling, and Stiffness
• Swollen Salivary Glands
• Skin Rashes or Dry Skin
• Vaginal Dryness in Women
• Persistent Dry Cough
• Prolonged Fatigue

It's necessary to recognise these Sjogren's syndrome symptoms, as an early diagnosis can help manage the condition better and prevent complications.

What causes Sjogren’s Syndrome?

Sjogren’s syndrome is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own moisture-producing glands. Since, the exact cause of Sjogren’s syndrome still remains unknown, but genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors are believed to play a role. Sjogren’s syndrome causes the immune system to target glands that produce tears and saliva, resulting in dry eyes and mouth. Sjogren’s syndrome often occurs alongside other autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.

Some infections can also be a trigger, as some viruses or bacteria can make the immune system overactive. Hormonal changes, are observed especially in women, who are at more risk of getting affected, may contribute to the development of Sjogren’s syndrome. Ultimately, a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors causes Sjogren’s syndrome causes, leading to its onset and progression.

What are the risk factors for Sjogren’s Syndrome?

Several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing Sjogren’s syndrome.

• Gender is an important risk factor, as women are more likely to develop Sjogren’s syndrome than men.
• Age plays an important role in most Sjogren's syndrome diagnoses that occur in individuals over 40 years of age.
• Family history of autoimmune diseases can also increase the chances that an individual will also develop Sjogren’s syndrome, indicating a genetic component.
• Additionally, people with other autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, are at a higher risk for Sjogren’s syndrome.
• Environmental factors, like exposure to certain viruses or bacteria, may trigger the immune response associated with Sjogren’s syndrome.
• Hormonal changes, especially in women, may further influence the onset of Sjogren’s syndrome.

Overall, a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors contribute to the risk of developing Sjogren’s syndrome.

How is Sjogren’s Syndrome diagnosed?

Sjogren’s syndrome diagnosis involves a combination of medical history evaluation, physical examinations, and specialised tests.

• Initially, doctors evaluate Sjogren’s syndrome symptoms like dry eyes and mouth.
• Blood tests are conducted to detect specific antibodies associated with autoimmune disorders.
• Additionally, the Schirmer test can be conducted to measure tear production, while a salivary gland biopsy can confirm inflammation.
• Imaging tests, such as sialography or ultrasound, can be performed to assess the gland function and structure.

Comprehensive evaluation of these results can ensure an accurate Sjogren’s syndrome diagnosis. Early and precise diagnosis is crucial for managing symptoms and preventing complications associated with this chronic autoimmune condition.

What are Sjogren’s Syndrome complications?

Sjogren's syndrome can lead to various complications such as:

• An increased risk of Oral and Eye Infections
• Abnormal Liver or Kidney Function
• Lymphomas
• Lung Problems
• Neurological Issues causing Weakness or Numbness

Although these complications may sound alarming, keep in mind that most people with Sjogren's syndrome do not experience any serious complications in their lives.

How is Sjogren's Syndrome treated?

Sjogren's syndrome treatment primarily focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing complications, as there is no cure found for this autoimmune disease. The primary goal of Sjogren's syndrome treatment is to manage the dryness and protect the affected organs.

• To combat dry eyes, artificial tears, lubricating ointments, and prescription eye drops that reduce inflammation are commonly used.
• To treat dry mouth, patients can use saliva substitutes, sugar-free gum and lozenges to stimulate saliva production. Staying hydrated as well as using a humidifier can also help manage these symptoms.
• To treat joint pain and inflammation, there are some pain relievers that are available over the counter or by prescription.
• If Sjogren's syndrome affects the internal organs or causes some severe symptoms, immunosuppressive drugs such as hydroxychloroquine or methotrexate are often prescribed to control the activity of the immune system.
• Regular dental care is essential, as dry mouth increases the risk of cavities and oral infections. Patients should visit their dentist frequently and use fluoride treatments to protect their teeth.
• Additionally, lifestyle changes also plays an important role in Sjogren's syndrome treatment. Avoiding smoking and alcohol, as it can increase dryness or even make it worse. Maintaining a balanced diet and managing stress are also important.

A multidisciplinary approach involving rheumatologists, ophthalmologists, dentists, and other specialists provides comprehensive care and helps patients maintain quality of life while dealing with the challenges of Sjogren's syndrome.

Can I prevent Sjogren’s Syndrome?

Unfortunately, since the exact Sjogren's syndrome causes are unknown, it cannot be prevented. However, understanding your risk factors and watching for symptoms can help you seek medical attention sooner.

What can I expect if I have Sjogren's Syndrome?

Living with Sjogren's syndrome means managing your symptoms to maintain a good quality of life. You'll need regular medical follow-ups and may require multiple treatments over time. Taking care of yourself and following healthy habits will also help manage this condition effectively.

When to see a doctor?

If you experience persistent Sjogren’s syndrome symptoms, such as dry eyes or dry mouth, joint pain or fatigue, it's time that you should consult to your doctor immediately. Early diagnosis of Sjogren’s syndrome can help in better management and prevention of complications.

Conclusion

Understanding your body and paying attention to its needs is the first step towards health. Although Sjogren's syndrome is a chronic condition it can be effectively managed with early diagnosis and proper treatment.

Reach out to Metropolis Healthcare for comprehensive health check-ups and pathology tests that can help detect such conditions early. At Metropolis labs, we ensure accurate testing, delivering reliable results at the comfort of your home, followed by online sharing of test reports through email or our user-friendly app. Remember, prioritising your health is within reach with the right knowledge and medical care.