Mycoplasma Infections: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

What is mycoplasma?

Mycoplasma is a type of bacteria that can infect various parts of the body, including the lungs, skin, and urinary tract. The specific body part affected depends on the type of mycoplasma bacteria involved in the infection. These bacteria are unique due to their lack of a cell wall, which contributes to their resistance against many antibiotics, making infections challenging to treat.

What are the different types of mycoplasma infections?

Several mycoplasma types can cause infections in different parts of the body:

• Mycoplasma pneumoniae: This type primarily affects the respiratory system, causing "walking pneumonia" or atypical pneumonia. It is the most common cause of mycoplasma infections.
• Mycoplasma genitalium: This sexually transmitted type can infect the genital and urinary tracts, leading to urethritis in men and pelvic inflammatory disease in women.
• Mycoplasma hominis: Also capable of causing genital and urinary tract infections, this type is often associated with complications during pregnancy.
• Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum: These bacteria commonly reside in the genital tract but can cause infections, particularly during pregnancy, potentially leading to complications like low birth weight and pneumonia in newborns.

Who does mycoplasma affect?

Mycoplasma types can infect anyone, but certain groups are more susceptible:

• Older children and young adults are most commonly affected by Mycoplasma pneumonia
• Individuals in close community settings like schools, colleges, and nursing homes are at higher risk
• Sexually active people are more likely to contract Mycoplasma genitalium
• Pregnant women have an increased risk of infections caused by Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma species

How common is mycoplasma?

Mycoplasma infections are relatively common.

• Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections occur year-round but peak in late summer and fall. Outbreaks can happen in crowded settings.
• Mycoplasma genitalium is a significant cause of STIs, although it may often be asymptomatic. An estimated 1-2% of young adults are infected with M. genitalium.

What are the symptoms of mycoplasma infections?

Mycoplasma infections can present with a variety of symptoms depending on the affected area. In respiratory infections, mycoplasma symptoms often include a persistent dry cough, sore throat, fatigue, and mild fever. Some individuals may also experience chills, chest discomfort, and shortness of breath.

In urinary and genital infections, mycoplasma symptoms may manifest as painful urination, increased urgency, unusual discharge, and pelvic pain. Importantly, some people may remain asymptomatic, complicating diagnosis and treatment.

Respiratory infections

Respiratory infections caused by mycoplasma typically feature a persistent dry cough that may worsen over time. Sore throats and fatigue are common complaints, along with mild fever and chills. Individuals may also experience chest pain or discomfort, particularly when breathing deeply or coughing. Mycoplasma symptoms can resemble those of viral infections, making it challenging to diagnose mycoplasma-related respiratory issues accurately. Prompt medical attention is essential for effective treatment.

Urinary and genital infections

Mycoplasma infections in the urinary and genital areas often lead to painful urination, increased urgency, and unusual discharge. Individuals may experience discomfort in the pelvic region, which can be accompanied by irritation or itching. In some cases, these infections can result in more severe complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Asymptomatic cases can occur, highlighting the importance of regular check-ups and awareness of symptoms for early diagnosis and treatment.

What causes mycoplasma infections?

Different mycoplasma types have different modes of transmission:

• Mycoplasma pneumoniae spreads via respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing. Prolonged close contact enables transmission.
• Mycoplasma genitalium is transmitted through sexual contact with an infected partner.
• Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma species can spread through sexual contact and from mother to child during pregnancy or birth.

Is mycoplasma contagious?

Yes, mycoplasma infections are contagious.

• Mycoplasma pneumoniae spreads through respiratory droplets. The contagious period usually lasts less than 10 days but can occasionally be longer.
• Mycoplasma genitalium and other genitourinary types are spread through sexual contact. Using barrier protection like condoms can reduce the risk of transmission.

How is mycoplasma diagnosed?

Diagnosing mycoplasma infections involves:

• Clinical assessment of mycoplasma symptoms
• Chest X-rays for respiratory infections
• Blood tests to detect the bacteria
• Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) like PCR for mycoplasma genitalium
• Serology tests, although these may have limitations

Your healthcare provider will determine the most appropriate diagnostic approach based on your symptoms and risk factors. Providing a detailed medical history can aid in accurate diagnosis.

How is mycoplasma treated?

Mycoplasma treatment typically involves antibiotics. The choice of antibiotic depends on the specific mycoplasma type and location of infection. Commonly used antibiotics include:

• Macrolides
• Tetracyclines
• Fluoroquinolones

Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern, particularly with Mycoplasma genitalium. Your doctor may need to tailor the mycoplasma treatment based on sensitivity testing. It's crucial to complete the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed, even if symptoms improve.

How soon after treatment will we feel better?

With appropriate mycoplasma treatment, most people start feeling better within a few days. Respiratory symptoms may take longer to resolve completely, often up to a few weeks. If symptoms persist or worsen despite treatment, consult your healthcare provider promptly.

How to prevent a mycoplasma infection?

Preventing mycoplasma infections involves:

• Practice good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and covering coughs and sneezes.
• Avoiding close contact with people who have respiratory infections
• Practicing safe sex by using condoms, limiting sexual partners, and getting tested regularly for STIs
• Getting prompt treatment if you suspect an infection to prevent spreading it to others

What can we expect if we have a mycoplasma infection?

Most mycoplasma infections are successfully treated with antibiotics. However, some potential complications can arise if left untreated:

• Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Severe pneumonia, asthma exacerbation, ear infections
• Mycoplasma genitalium: Pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, adverse pregnancy outcomes
• Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma species: Pregnancy complications, neonatal infections

Rarely, mycoplasma infections can spread to other parts of the body, causing conditions like arthritis, pericarditis, or meningitis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can prevent these complications.

How long does a mycoplasma infection last?

The duration of a mycoplasma infection varies. Respiratory infections usually last 1-4 weeks. Genital infections may persist for months if untreated. With proper treatment, most infections resolve within 1-2 weeks. However, some symptoms like cough and fatigue can linger for several weeks post-treatment.

When to see a doctor?

Consult a healthcare provider if you experience:

• Persistent or high fever
• Severe cough or difficulty breathing
• Symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection
• Persistent pelvic or abdominal pain
• Symptoms that don't improve with treatment

Seek immediate medical attention for severe breathing difficulties or a persistent high fever. Your doctor can provide personalised guidance based on your specific situation.

Conclusion

Mycoplasma types may be tiny, but they can cause a range of respiratory and urogenital infections. By understanding how these bacteria spread, recognising common mycoplasma symptoms, and seeking appropriate mycoplasma treatment, you can protect your health and prevent potential complications. If you suspect a mycoplasma infection, don't hesitate to consult your healthcare provider for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

At Metropolis Healthcare, we offer comprehensive diagnostic testing services to help identify various infections, including those caused by mycoplasma. Our team of skilled phlebotomists can collect your samples in the comfort of your home, which are then processed in our state-of-the-art labs. With our commitment to delivering reliable results and personalised care, we empower you to take charge of your health. Visit our website to learn more about our pathology services and book your tests today.