Gilbert's Syndrome: What You Need to Know About This Common Liver Disorder

What is Gilbert's syndrome?

Gilbert's syndrome is an inherited disorder characterised by periods of elevated bilirubin levels in the blood, a condition known as hyperbilirubinemia. People with Gilbert's syndrome have a reduced activity of the liver enzyme that's responsible for processing bilirubin, leading to a buildup of this yellowish pigment. Despite the increase in bilirubin, Gilbert's syndrome is a benign condition that doesn't cause significant health problems.

What is bilirubin?

Bilirubin is a natural byproduct of the breakdown of red blood cells. Normally, the liver converts bilirubin into a water-soluble form that can be easily excreted from the body. In Gilbert's syndrome, the liver has a harder time processing bilirubin efficiently, causing levels to rise. Excess bilirubin can lead to a yellowing of the skin and eyes, known as jaundice, which is the most recognisable sign of Gilbert's syndrome.

How common is Gilbert's syndrome?

Gilbert's syndrome is estimated to affect between 3% and 7% of the population, making it a relatively common genetic condition. It tends to be more prevalent in men than women, and it's often diagnosed in adolescence or early adulthood. Since many people with Gilbert's syndrome don't experience noticeable symptoms, the true prevalence may be even higher.

Who might have Gilbert's syndrome?

Gilbert's syndrome can affect people of all ages and ethnicities, but certain factors increase the likelihood.

• Gilbert's syndrome causes are primarily genetic; it’s an inherited disorder, so having a parent or sibling with the condition raises your risk.
• Gender also plays a role, as males are more commonly diagnosed with Gilbert's syndrome than females.
• Age is another factor, with most cases identified during the teenage years or early adulthood when Gilbert's syndrome symptoms like mild jaundice become more noticeable.

Recognising these risk factors can help in early identification and Gilbert's syndrome treatment.

What causes Gilbert's syndrome?

Gilbert's syndrome causes can be traced to a variation in the UGT1A1 gene, which provides instructions for making the liver enzyme responsible for processing bilirubin. This genetic change impairs the enzyme's function, reducing its ability to convert bilirubin into a form that can be readily excreted. As a result, unconjugated bilirubin can accumulate in the blood, leading to the hallmark signs of Gilbert's syndrome.

What are the symptoms of Gilbert's syndrome?

For many people with Gilbert's syndrome, the condition is asymptomatic. When Gilbert's syndrome symptoms do occur, they typically include:

• Mild jaundice, which exhibits a yellowish tinge to the skin and whites of the eyes
• Fatigue or weakness
• Abdominal discomfort, such as dull pain or bloating, can also occur.

Gilbert's syndrome symptoms may come and go, and they can be triggered by factors like stress, dehydration, or illness.

What worsens the symptoms of Gilbert's syndrome?

Certain situations can exacerbate Gilbert's syndrome symptoms by further increasing bilirubin levels:

• Fasting or low-calorie diets
• Dehydration
• Menstruation
• Strenuous exercise
• Stress or illness, such as a cold or the flu

Being mindful of these triggers and taking steps to avoid them can help minimise symptom flare-ups.

How is Gilbert's syndrome diagnosed?

Gilbert's syndrome diagnosis typically involves a combination of blood tests and a thorough medical history review. Key diagnostic indicators include:

• Elevated unconjugated bilirubin levels on blood tests
• Normal liver function tests otherwise
• Ruling out other causes of hyperbilirubinemia, such as liver disease or blood disorders

In some cases, genetic testing may be used to confirm Gilbert's syndrome diagnosis by identifying the characteristic UGT1A1 gene variation.

What are the complications of Gilbert's syndrome?

For the vast majority of people, Gilbert's syndrome doesn't lead to serious health complications. However, there are a few potential concerns to be aware of:

• Increased risk of gallstones, especially if other factors are present
• Possible interactions with certain medications, like irinotecan, that are metabolised by the same liver enzyme affected in Gilbert's syndrome

Discussing your Gilbert's syndrome diagnosis with your healthcare providers can help them tailor treatment plans and monitor for any developing complications.

How is Gilbert's syndrome managed or treated?

In most cases, Gilbert's syndrome treatment isn't necessary. The condition is generally harmless and doesn't progress to more serious liver problems. Management mainly involves education about the condition and guidance on avoiding triggers that can worsen symptoms.

Maintaining a balanced diet, staying hydrated, and managing stress are all helpful strategies for keeping bilirubin levels in check.

How can we prevent Gilbert's syndrome?

Since Gilbert's syndrome is an inherited condition, it can't be prevented. However, you can take steps to prevent symptom flare-ups:

• Eat regular, balanced meals and avoid prolonged fasting
• Stay well-hydrated, especially during exercise or in hot weather
• Manage stress through relaxation techniques, like deep breathing or meditation
• Be cautious with alcohol intake, as it can stress the liver

What is the outlook for people who have Gilbert's syndrome?

The prognosis for people with Gilbert's syndrome is excellent. The condition doesn't have any significant impact on life expectancy or overall health. Most people with Gilbert's syndrome lead entirely normal lives, and the majority never even realize they have the condition. In rare cases where symptoms are bothersome, simple lifestyle adjustments are usually enough to keep them in check.

When to see a doctor regarding Gilbert's syndrome?

If you notice unexplained jaundice or experience persistent Gilbert's syndrome symptoms, it's important to see your doctor. While Gilbert's syndrome itself is harmless, these signs can occasionally indicate a more serious underlying liver problem that needs further evaluation.

Additionally, if you have Gilbert's syndrome, let your doctor know before starting any new medications to check for potential interactions.

Conclusion

Gilbert's syndrome is a common and benign liver condition that, for most people, has little impact on health and wellness. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and management strategies for Gilbert's syndrome, you can take control of your well-being and confidently navigate any challenges the condition may bring.

If you have questions about your bilirubin levels or are due for routine health screenings, consider the convenient, at-home diagnostic services offered by Metropolis Healthcare. With a nationwide presence and a commitment to quality, Metropolis Labs can provide the reliable testing and personalised guidance you need to stay on top of your health. Book an appointment today and experience the difference in patient-centric care.